Abstract: Let X(Sigma) be a smooth projective toric variety for a complex torus T_C. In this paper, a real T_C-invariant Poisson structure Pi_Sigma is constructed on the complex manifold X(Sigma), the symplectic leaves of which are the T_C-orbits in X(Sigma). It is shown that each leaf admits a Hamiltonian action by a sub-torus of the compact torus Tsubset T_C. However, the global action of T_C on (X(Sigma),Pi_Sigma) is Poisson but not Hamiltonian. The main result of the paper is a lower bound for the first Poisson cohomology of these structures. For the simplest case, X(Sigma)=CP^1, the Poisson cohomology is computed using a Mayer-Vietoris argument and known results on planar quadratic Poisson structures and in the example the bound is optimal. The paper concludes with the example of CP^n, where the modular vector field with respect to a particular Delzant Liouville form admits a curious formula in terms of Delzant moment data. This formula enables one to compute the zero locus of this modular vector field and relate it to the Euclidean geometry of the moment simplex.
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