On two functional equations with involution on groups related to sine and cosine functions
Consider the group \((G,\cdot)\). The center of the group \((G,\cdot)\) is the set of elements \(c\in G\) that commute with every other element in \(G:(\forall x\in G)(x\cdot c= c\cdot x)\). Denote by \(Z(G)\) the center of \((G,\cdot)\). A function \(\sigma:G\to\mathbb C\) is named an involution of \(\sigma\) is an antihomomorphism and \((\forall x\in G)(\sigma(\sigma(x))= x)\). The authors determine the general solutions of Van Vleck's equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(f(x\cdot\sigma(y)\cdot z_0)- f(x\cdot y\cdot z_0)= 2f(x) f(y))\tag{1} \] and Kannappan's equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(f(x\cdot\sigma(y)\cdot z_0)+ f(x\cdot y\cdot z_0)= 2f(x) f(y))\tag{2} \] for some fixed element \(z_0\in Z(G)\). The authors prove the following main results: Theorem 1. If \(f:G\to\mathbb C\) satisfies the functional equation (1), then either \(f\equiv 0\) or \(f\) is given by \[ (\forall x\in G)(f(x)= g(x\cdot z^{-1}_0) f(z_0),\tag{3} \] where \(g: G\to\mathbb C\) is a nonzero solution of the cosine functional equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(g(x\cdot\sigma(y))+ g(x\cdot y)= 2g(x) g(y)).\tag{4} \] Theorem 2. If \(f:G\to\mathbb C\) satisfies the functional equation (2), then either \(f\equiv 0\) or \(f\) is given by (3), where \(g:G\to\mathbb C\) is a nonzero solution of the cosine functional equation with involution (4).
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