Zeroes of polynomials on definable hypersurfaces: pathologies exist, but they are rare

Abstract: Given a sequence

{Z_{d}}_{d i n m a t h b b N}

of smooth and compact hypersurfaces in

m a t h b b R^{n - 1}

, we prove that (up to extracting subsequences) there exists a regular definable hypersurface

G a m m a s u b s e t m a t h b b R m a t h r m P^{n}

such that each manifold

Z_{d}

appears as a component of the zero set on

G a m m a

of some polynomial of degree

d

. (This is in sharp contrast with the case when

G a m m a

is algebraic, where for example the homological complexity of the zero set of a polynomial

p

on

G a m m a

is bounded by a polynomial in

m a t h r m d e g (p)

.) We call these "pathological examples". In particular, we show that for every

0 l e q k l e q n - 2

and every sequence of natural numbers

a = {a_{d}}_{d i n m a t h b b N}

there is a regular, compact and definable hypersurface

G a m m a s u b s e t m a t h b b R m a t h r m P^{n}

, a subsequence

{a_{d_{m}}}_{m i n m a t h b b N}

and homogeneous polynomials

{p_{m}}_{m i n m a t h b b N}

of degree

m a t h r m d e g (p_{m}) = d_{m}

such that: �egin{equation} label{eq:pathintro} b_k(Gammacap Z(p_m))geq a_{d_m}.end{equation} (Here

b_{k}

denotes the

k

-th Betti number.) This generalizes a result of Gwo'zdziewicz, Kurdyka and Parusi'nski. On the other hand, for a given definable

G a m m a

we show that the Fubini-Study measure, in the gaussian space of polynomials of degree

d

, of the set

S i g m a_{d_{m}, a, G a m m a}

of polynomials verifying

b_{k} (G a m m a c a p Z (p_{m})) g e q a_{d_{m}}

is positive, but there exists a contant

c_{G} a m m a

such that this measure can be bounded by: �egin{equation} 0<mathbb{P}(Sigma_{d_m, a, Gamma})leq frac{c_{Gamma} d_m^{frac{n-1}{2}}}{a_{d_m}}. end{equation} This shows that the set of "pathological examples" has "small" measure.

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Symplectic instability of Bézout's theorem

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