A fresh look at the notion of normality

Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16) Relations between ergodic theory and number theory (37A44) Means on groups, semigroups, etc.; amenable groups (43A07)

Abstract: Let

G

be a countable cancellative amenable semigroup and let

(F_{n})

be a (left) F{o}lner sequence in

G

. We introduce the notion of an

(F_{n})

-normal element of

{0, 1}^{G}

. When

G

=

(m a t h b b N, +)

and

F_{n} = 1, 2, ..., n

, the

(F_{n})

-normality coincides with the classical notion. We prove that:

If

(F_{n})

is a F{o}lner sequence in

G

, such that for every

a l p h a i n (0, 1)

we have

s u m_{n} a l p h a^{| F_{n} |} < i n f t y

, then almost every

x i n {0, 1}^{G}

is

(F_{n})

-normal.

For any F{o}lner sequence

(F_{n})

in

G

, there exists an Cham-per-nowne-like

(F_{n})

-normal set.

There is a natural class of "nice" F{o}lner sequences in

(m a t h b b N, i m e s)

. There exists a Champernowne-like set which is

(F_{n})

-normal for every nice F{o}lner sq.

Let

A s u b s e t m a t h b b N

be a classical normal set. Then, for any F{o}lner sequence

(K_{n})

in

(m a t h b b N, i m e s)

there exists a set

E

of

(K_{n})

-density

1

, such that for any finite subset

n_{1}, n_{2}, d o t s, n_{k} s u b s e t E

, the intersection

A / n_{1} c a p A / n_{2} c a p l d o t s c a p A / n_{k}

has positive upper density in

(m a t h b b N, +)

. As a consequence,

A

contains arbitrarily long geometric progressions, and, more generally, arbitrarily long "geo-arithmetic" configurations of the form

a (b + i c)^{j}, 0 l e i, j l e k

.

For any F{o}lner sq

(F_{n})

in

(m a t h b b N, +)

there exist uncountably many

(F_{n})

-normal Liouville numbers.

For any nice F{o}lner sequence

(F_{n})

in

(m a t h b b N, i m e s)

there exist uncountably many

(F_{n})

-normal Liouville numbers.

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