Tips of tongues in the double standard family*

Abstract: We answer a question raised by Misiurewicz and Rodrigues concerning the family of degree 2 circle maps

F_{l} a m b d a : m a t h b b R / m a t h b b Z o m a t h b b R / m a t h b b Z

defined by [F_lambda(x) := 2x + a+ frac{b}{pi} sin(2pi x){quad ext{with}quad} lambda:=(a,b)in mathbb{R}/mathbb{Z} imes (0,1).] We prove that if

F_{l} a m b d a^{c i r c n} - m i d

has a zero of multiplicity

3

in

m a t h b b R / m a t h b b Z

, then there is a system of local coordinates

defined in a neighborhood

W

of

l a m b d a

, such that

and

F_{m} u^{c i r c n} - m i d

has a multiple zero with

m u i n W

if and only if

. This shows that the tips of tongues are regular cusps.

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