Multiple-scales approach to the averaging problem in cosmology
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Singular perturbations in context of PDEs (35B25) Differential geometry of homogeneous manifolds (53C30) Yang-Mills and other gauge theories in mechanics of particles and systems (70S15) Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Classes of solutions; algebraically special solutions, metrics with symmetries for problems in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C20) Gravitational energy and conservation laws; groups of motions (83C40) Relativistic cosmology (83F05)
Abstract: The Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales, so on those scales it is usually modelled as a Friedmann-Lema^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) space-time. The non-linearity of the Einstein field equations raises concern over averaging over small-scale deviations form homogeneity and isotropy, with possible implications on the applicability of the FLRW metric to the Universe, even on large scales. Here I present a technique, based on the multiple-scales method of singular perturbation theory, to handle the small-scale inhomogeneities consistently. I obtain a leading order effective Einstein equation for the large-scale space-time metric, which contains a back-reaction term. The derivation relies on a series of consistency conditions, that ensure that the growth of deviations from the large-scale space-time metric do not grow unboundedly; criteria for their satisfiability are discussed, and it is shown that they are indeed satisfied if matter is non-relativistic on small scales. The analysis is performed in harmonic gauge, and conversion to other gauges is discussed. I estimate the magnitude of the back-reaction term relative to the critical density of the Universe in the example of an NFW halo, and find it to be of the order of a few percent. In this example, the back-reaction term is interpreted as a contribution of the energy-density of gravitational potential energy, averaged over the small-scale, to the total energy-momentum tensor.
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Cited in
(12)- The universe seen at different scales
- Explicit cosmological coarse graining via spatial averaging
- Averaging problem in general relativity and cosmology
- How well is our universe described by an FLRW model?
- A simple, heuristic derivation of our `no backreaction' results
- Is backreaction really small within concordance cosmology?
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- MODIFIED AVERAGING PROCESSES IN COSMOLOGY AND THE STRUCTURED FRW MODEL
- A COVARIANT ROAD TO SPATIAL AVERAGING IN COSMOLOGY: SCALAR CORRECTIONS TO THE COSMOLOGICAL EQUATIONS
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