On Energy Stable, Maximum-Principle Preserving, Second-Order BDF Scheme with Variable Steps for the Allen--Cahn Equation

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Abstract: In this work, we investigate the two-step backward differentiation formula (BDF2) with nonuniform grids for the Allen-Cahn equation. We show that the nonuniform BDF2 scheme is energy stable under the time-step ratio restriction rk:=auk/auk1<(3+sqrt17)/2approx3.561. Moreover, by developing a novel kernel recombination and complementary technique, we show, for the first time, the discrete maximum principle of BDF2 scheme under the time-step ratio restriction rk<1+sqrt2approx2.414 and a practical time step constraint. The second-order rate of convergence in the maximum norm is also presented. Numerical experiments are provided to support the theoretical findings.



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