Separators of ideals in multiplicative semigroups of unique factorization domains

DOI10.1007/S00233-015-9731-3MaRDI QIDQ512200zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yong-Cai Geng, Sumit K. Garg

Publication date 24 February 2017

Published in Semigroup Forum (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07430

zbMATH Keywords

congruencesemigroupseparator

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Arithmetic theory of semigroups (20M13)

Abstract: In this paper we show that if $I$ is an ideal of a commutative semigroup $C$ such that the separator $SepI$ of $I$ is not empty then the factor semigroup $S=C/P_I$ ($P_I$ is the principal congruence on $C$ defined by $I$) satisfies Condition $(\ast )$: $S$ is a commutative monoid with a zero; The annihilator $A(s)$ of every non identity element $s$ of $S$ contains a non zero element of $S$; $A(s)=A(t)$ implies $s=t$ for every $s,tinS$. Conversely, if $alpha$ is a congruence on a commutative semigroup $C$ such that the factor semigroup $S=C/alpha$ satisfies Condition $(\ast )$ then there is an ideal $I$ of $C$ such that $alpha=P_I$. Using this result for the multiplicative semigroup $D_{mult}$ of a unique factorization domain $D$, we show that $P_{J(m)}=a{u}_m$ for every nonzero element $minD$, where $J(m)$ denotes the ideal of $D$ generated by $m$, and $a{u}_m$ is the relation on $D$ defined by $(a,b)ina{u}_m$ if and only if $gcd(a,m)simgcd(b,m)$ ($sim$ is the associate congruence on $D_{mult}$). We also show that if $a$ is a nonzero element of a unique factorization domain $D$ then $d(a)=|D^{\prime }/P_{J([a])}|$, where $d(a)$ denotes the number of all non associated divisors of $a$, $D^{\prime }=D/sim$, and $[a]$ denotes the $sim$-class of $D_{mult}$ containing $a$. As an other application, we show that if $d$ is one of the integers $-1$, $-2$, $-3$, $-7$, $-11$, $-19$, $-43$, $-67$, $-163$ then, for every nonzero ideal $I$ of the ring $R$ of all algebraic integers of an imaginary quadratic number field $mathbbQ[sqrtd]$, there is a nonzero element $m$ of $R$ such that $P_I=a{u}_m$.

Review text

Let \(S\) be a semigroup and we say \(S\) satisfies condition \((*)\) if the following three conditions hold: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[1.] \(S\) is commutative with a zero; \item[2.] for every non-identity element \(s\in S\), there is a nonzero element \(x\in S\) such that \(xs=0\); \item[3.] for any \(s,t\in S\), if \(xs=0\) iff \(xt=0\) for all \(x\in S\), then \(s=t\). \end{itemize}} Let \(H\) be a subset of \(S\). Then we let \[ P_H=\{(a,b)\in S\times S\mid xay\in H\text{ if and only if }xby\in H \text{ for any \(x,y\in S\)}\}\,. \] The author shows that Theorem. Let \(C\) ba a commutative semigroup. If \(I\) is an ideal of \(C\) such that \(\mathsf{Sep} I:=\{x\in S\mid x(S\setminus I)\subset S\setminus I\}\neq \emptyset\), then \(P_I\) is a congruence on \(C\) such that \(I\) and \(\mathsf {Sep}I\) are \(P_I\)-classes of \(C\), and the factor semigroup \(C/P_I\) satisfies condition \((*)\). Conversely, if \(\alpha\) is a congruence on \(C\) such that the factor semigroup \(C/\alpha\) satisfies condition \((*)\), then there is an ideal \(I\) of \(C\) such that \(\alpha=P_I\). Let \(D\) be a unique factorization domain and \(D_{\mathrm{mult}}\) denote the multiplicative semigroup of \(D\). For every \(m\in D\), let \(J(m)\) denote the ideal generated by \(m\) and for every \(a,b\in D\), let \(a\sim b\) denote that \(a\) and \(b\) are associated. We let \([x]_{\sim}\) denote the \(\sim\)-class of \(D\) containing \(x\in D\) and let \(\tau_m\) denote the relation on \(D\) as follows: for any \(a,b\in D\), \((a,b)\in \tau_m\) if and only if \(\gcd(a,m)\sim \gcd(b,m)\). Applying the above theorem, the author proves the following results for multiplicative semigroups of unique factorization domains. Theorem. Let \(m\) be a nonzero element of \(D\). Then \(P_{J(m)}=\tau_m\) and the factor semigroup \(D_{\mathrm{mult}}/\tau_m\) satisfies condition \((*)\). Theorem. Let \(a\) be a nonzero element of \(D\). Then the index of the congruence \(P_{J([a]_{\sim})}\) in the semigroup \(D'=D_{\mathrm{mult}}/\sim\) is finite and the number of all non associated divisors of \(a\) equals \(|D'/P_{J([a]_{\sim})}|\).

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• WEAKLY PRIME IDEALS IN COMMUTATIVE SEMIGROUPS
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Cited in

(1)

• On unique factorization semilattices

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