Photon ring structure of rotating regular black holes and no-horizon spacetimes

DOI10.1088/1361-6382/ABDD48MaRDI QIDQ5163360zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Rahul Kumar, S. G. Ghosh

Publication date 3 November 2021

Published in Classical and Quantum Gravity (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07501

zbMATH Keywords

\(\mathrm{M}87^*\) black hole shadowphoton ringregular black holes

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Lasers, masers, optical bistability, nonlinear optics (78A60) Quantum optics (81V80) Electromagnetic fields in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C50) Black holes (83C57)

Abstract: The Kerr black holes possess a photon region with prograde and retrograde orbits radii, respectively, $Mleq{r}_p^{-}leq3M$ and $3Mleq{r}_p^{+}leq4M$, and thereby always cast a closed photon ring or a shadow silhouette for $aleqM$. For $a>M$, it is a no-horizon spacetime (naked singularity) wherein prograde orbits spiral into the central singularity, and retrograde orbits produce an arc-like shadow with a dark spot at the center. We compare Kerr black holes' photon ring structure with those produced by three rotating regular spacetimes, viz. Bardeen, Hayward, and nonsingular. These are non-Kerr black hole metrics with an additional deviation parameter of $g$ related to the nonlinear electrodynamics charge. It turns out that for a given $a$, there exists a critical value of $g$, $g_E$ such that $Delta=0$ has no zeros for $g>g_E$, one double zero at $r=r_E$ for $g=g_E$, respectively, corresponding to a no-horizon regular spacetime and extremal black hole with degenerate horizon. We demonstrate that, unlike the Kerr naked singularity, no-horizon regular spacetimes can possess closed photon ring when $g_E<gleq{g}_c$, e.g., for $a=0.10M$, Bardeen ($g_E=0.763332M<gleq{g}_c=0.816792M$), Hayward ($g_E=1.05297M<gleq{g}_c=1.164846M$) and nonsingular ($g_E=1.2020M<gleq{g}_c=1.222461M$) no-horizon spacetimes have closed photon ring. These results confirm that the mere existence of a closed photon ring does not prove that the compact object is necessarily a black hole. The ring circularity deviation observable $DeltaC$ for the three no-horizon rotating spacetimes satisfy $DeltaCleq0.10$ as per the M87* black hole shadow observations. We have also appended the case of Kerr-Newman no-horizon spacetimes (naked singularities) with similar features.

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Cited in

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