A square root map on Sturmian words

zbMATH Open1366.68227arXiv1509.06349MaRDI QIDQ521380FDOQ521380

Authors: Markus A. Whiteland, Ville Salo 

Publication date: 10 April 2017

Published in: The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We introduce a square root map on Sturmian words and study its properties. Given a Sturmian word of slope $alpha$, there exists exactly six minimal squares in its language (a minimal square does not have a square as a proper prefix). A Sturmian word $s$ of slope $alpha$ can be written as a product of these six minimal squares: $s=X_1^2{X}_2^2{X}_3^{2}cdots$. The square root of $s$ is defined to be the word $sqrts=X_1{X}_2{X}_{3}cdots$. The main result of this paper is that that $sqrts$ is also a Sturmian word of slope $alpha$. Further, we characterize the Sturmian fixed points of the square root map, and we describe how to find the intercept of $sqrts$ and an occurrence of any prefix of $sqrts$ in $s$. Related to the square root map, we characterize the solutions of the word equation $X_1^2{X}_2^{2}cdots{X}_n^2=(X_1{X}_{2}cdots{X}_n{)}^2$ in the language of Sturmian words of slope $alpha$ where the words $X_i^2$ are minimal squares of slope $alpha$. We also study the square root map in a more general setting. We explicitly construct an infinite set of non-Sturmian fixed points of the square root map. We show that the subshifts $Omega$ generated by these words have a curious property: for all $winOmega$ either $sqrtwinOmega$ or $sqrtw$ is periodic. In particular, the square root map can map an aperiodic word to a periodic word.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06349

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zbMATH Keywords

continued fractionfixed pointSturmian wordoptimal squareful wordsquare root mapword equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Combinatorics on words (68R15)

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Cited In (8)

• Standard words and solutions of the word equation \(X_1^2\cdots X_n^2=(X_1\cdots X_n)^2\)
• More on the dynamics of the symbolic square root map
• A square root map on Sturmian words (extended abstract)
• Squares and cubes in Sturmian sequences
• Word equations with \(k\)th powers of variables
• More on the dynamics of the symbolic square root map (extended abstract)
• On a faithful representation of Sturmian morphisms
• Abelian combinatorics on words: a survey

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