A square root map on Sturmian words

MaRDI QIDQ521380zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Markus A. Whiteland, Ville Salo

Publication date 10 April 2017

Published in The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06349, http://www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/v24i1p54

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zbMATH Keywords

continued fractionfixed pointSturmian wordoptimal squareful wordsquare root mapword equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Combinatorics on words (68R15)

Abstract: We introduce a square root map on Sturmian words and study its properties. Given a Sturmian word of slope $alpha$, there exists exactly six minimal squares in its language (a minimal square does not have a square as a proper prefix). A Sturmian word $s$ of slope $alpha$ can be written as a product of these six minimal squares: $s=X_1^2{X}_2^2{X}_3^{2}cdots$. The square root of $s$ is defined to be the word $sqrts=X_1{X}_2{X}_{3}cdots$. The main result of this paper is that that $sqrts$ is also a Sturmian word of slope $alpha$. Further, we characterize the Sturmian fixed points of the square root map, and we describe how to find the intercept of $sqrts$ and an occurrence of any prefix of $sqrts$ in $s$. Related to the square root map, we characterize the solutions of the word equation $X_1^2{X}_2^{2}cdots{X}_n^2=(X_1{X}_{2}cdots{X}_n{)}^2$ in the language of Sturmian words of slope $alpha$ where the words $X_i^2$ are minimal squares of slope $alpha$. We also study the square root map in a more general setting. We explicitly construct an infinite set of non-Sturmian fixed points of the square root map. We show that the subshifts $Omega$ generated by these words have a curious property: for all $winOmega$ either $sqrtwinOmega$ or $sqrtw$ is periodic. In particular, the square root map can map an aperiodic word to a periodic word.

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Cited in

(8)

• Abelian combinatorics on words: a survey
• Standard words and solutions of the word equation \(X_1^2\cdots X_n^2=(X_1\cdots X_n)^2\)
• More on the dynamics of the symbolic square root map
• A square root map on Sturmian words (extended abstract)
• Squares and cubes in Sturmian sequences
• More on the dynamics of the symbolic square root map (extended abstract)
• Word equations with \(k\)th powers of variables
• On a faithful representation of Sturmian morphisms

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