Remarks on the Cauchy functional equation and variations of it

DOI10.1007/S00010-016-0463-6MaRDI QIDQ525079zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 28 April 2017

Published in Aequationes Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.3721

alternative Cauchy equation Cauchy functional equation complex exponent initial value Jensen equation measurable function multiplicative Cauchy equation Pexider equation restricted domain stability

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Functional equations for real functions (39B22) Stability, separation, extension, and related topics for functional equations (39B82)

Abstract: This paper examines various aspects related to the Cauchy functional equation

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)

, a fundamental equation in the theory of functional equations. In particular, it considers its solvability and its stability relative to subsets of multi-dimensional Euclidean spaces and tori. Several new types of regularity conditions are introduced, such as a one in which a complex exponent of the unknown function is locally measurable. An initial value approach to analyzing this equation is considered too and it yields a few by-products, such as the existence of a non-constant real function having an uncountable set of periods which are linearly independent over the rationals. The analysis is extended to related equations such as the Jensen equation, the multiplicative Cauchy equation, and the Pexider equation. The paper also includes a rather comprehensive survey of the history of the Cauchy equation.

Review text

The following is well known (see [\textit{M. Fréchet}, Enseign. Math. 15, 390--393 (1913; JFM 44.0399.01)] and [\textit{M. Kuczma}, An introduction to the theory of functional equations and inequalities. Cauchy's equation and Jensen's inequality. Edited by Attila Gilányi. 2nd ed. Basel: Birkhäuser (2009; Zbl 1221.39041)]): Fréchet's theorem. Every Lebesgue measurable additive function \(f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous, and hence it is of the form \[ f(x) = c \cdot x, \;x \in \mathbb{R}^{n},\tag{1} \] where \[ c \cdot x = \sum_{k=1}^{n} c_k x_k \text{, for } c = (c_k)_{k=1}^{n} \text{ and } x = (x_k)_{k=1}^{n}. \] One of results of this paper states what follows. Let \(S \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be a convex subset having the nonempty interior. Let \(A \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) satisfy \(S \cup (S + S) \subset A\). Suppose that \(f: A \to \mathbb{R}\) satisfies \[ f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), \;(x,y) \in S^2. \] If the function \(e^{if}\) is measurable on \(S\), then \(f\) is of the form \((1)\). It is obvious that measurability of \(f\) implies measurability of \(e^{if}\). The author gives an example of a non-measurable additive function \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) for which \(e^{if}\) is measurable. So the quoted theorem is indeed stronger than Fréchet's one. Similar problems are considered for the Jensen equation, the multiplicative Cauchy equation, the alternative Cauchy equation and the Pexider equation.

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