Computing Ground States of Spin-1 Bose–Einstein Condensates by the Normalized Gradient Flow
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Publication:5320692
backward-forward Euler sine-pseudospectral methodcoupled Gross-Pitaevskii equationsground statenormalized gradient flowspin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate
NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Stability and convergence of numerical methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N12) Spectral, collocation and related methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N35) Numerical methods in Fourier analysis (65T99) Applications to the sciences (65Z05) Computational methods for problems pertaining to quantum theory (81-08) Many-body theory; quantum Hall effect (81V70) Phase transitions (general) in equilibrium statistical mechanics (82B26)
Abstract: In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing the ground state of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) by using the normalized gradient flow or imaginary time method. The key idea is to find a third projection or normalization condition based on the relation between the chemical potentials so that the three projection parameters used in the projection step of the normalized gradient flow are uniquely determined by this condition as well as the other two physical conditions given by the conservation of total mass and total magnetization. This allows us to successfully extend the most popular and powerful normalized gradient flow or imaginary time method for computing the ground state of single component BEC to compute the ground state of spin-1 BEC. An efficient and accurate discretization scheme, the backward-forward Euler sine-pseudospectral method (BFSP), is proposed to discretize the normalized gradient flow. Extensive numerical results on ground states of spin-1 BEC with ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interaction and harmonic/optical lattice potential in one/three dimensions are reported to demonstrate the efficiency of our new numerical method.
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