The dual geometry of Boolean semirings

Lattices and duality (06D50) Stone spaces (Boolean spaces) and related structures (06E15) Ring-theoretic properties of Boolean algebras (06E20) Categories of algebras (08C05) Quasivarieties (08C15) Natural dualities for classes of algebras (08C20) Adjoint functors (universal constructions, reflective subcategories, Kan extensions, etc.) (18A40)

Abstract: It is well known that the variety of Boolean semirings, which is generated by the three element semiring S, is dual to the category of partially Stone spaces. We place this duality in the context of natural dualities. We begin by introducing a topological structure uS and obtain an optimal natural duality between the quasi-variety ISP(S) and the category IS_cP+(uS). Then we construct an optimal and very small structure uS_os that yields a strong duality. The geometry of some of the partially Stone spaces that take part in these dualities is presented, and we call them "hairy cubes", as they are n-dimensional cubes with unique incomparable covers for each element of the cube. We also obtain a polynomial representation for the elements of the hairy cube.

Review text

The authors follow very closely the ideas of \textit{D. M. Clark} and \textit{B. A. Davey} [Natural dualities for the working algebraist. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. 57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1998; Zbl 0910.08001)] for constructing natural dualities. The basic idea is to impose on the carrier set \(S\) of the semiring \(\mathbb{S}\) the discrete topology together with operations, partial operations, and relations to form a dual topological structure \(\underline{\mathbf S}\) as the generator of the dual category \(\mathcal X\). More specifically, \(\mathcal X=IS_{c}P^{+}(\underline{\mathbf S})\) is the category of isomorphic copies of topologically closed substructures of non-empty products of copies of \(\underline{\mathbf S}\). Using this construction, the authors obtain a dual adjunction \(\langle D, E, e, \epsilon \rangle\) between the categories \(\mathcal {A}\) and \({\mathcal X}\) with the many desirable properties of [loc. cit.]. If the dual adjunction \(\langle D, E, e, \epsilon \rangle\) satisfies the property that for any \(A\in \mathcal{A}\), \(A\) is isomorphic to \(ED(A)={\mathcal X}(\mathcal {A}(A,\mathbb{S}),\underline{\mathbf S})\), then it is called a dual representation of \(\mathcal{A}\) in \({\mathcal X}\). In this case we say that \(S\) yields a (natural) duality on \(A\). If it is also true that for any \(X\in {\mathcal X}\), \(X\) is isomorphic to \(DE(X)=\mathcal{A}((X,\underline{\mathbf S}),\mathbb{S})\), we say that \(\underline{\mathbf S}\) yields a full duality on \(\mathcal{A}\). Thus \(\underline{\mathbf S}\) yields a full duality on \(\mathcal{A}\) if it yields a duality on \(\mathcal{A}\) which is a dual equivalence. Finally, if \(\underline{\mathbf S}\) yields a full duality on \(\mathcal{A}\) and is injective in \({\mathcal X}\), \(\underline{\mathbf S}\) is said to yield a strong duality on \(\mathcal{A}\). The authors construct three dualities, each one coming from a different topological structure. In all three of them the algebra side of the duality is \(\mathcal {A}=ISP(\mathbb{S})\). The first topological structure, \(\underline{\mathbf S}\), yields an optimal (natural) duality \({\mathcal X}=IS_{c}P^{+}(\underline{\mathbf S})\leftrightarrows \mathcal{A}\). The second one, \(\underline{\mathbf S}_{s}\), yields a strong duality \({\mathcal X}_{s}=IS_{c}P^{+}(\underline{\mathbf S}_{s}) \leftrightarrows \mathcal{A}\). The third one, \(\underline{\mathbf S}_{os}\), yields an optimal strong duality, \({\mathcal X}_{os}=IS_{c}P^{+}(\underline{\mathbf S}_{os})\leftrightarrows \mathcal{A}\). In the first duality, labeling the appropriate contravariant functors \(D\) and \(E\), \(A\) is isomorphic to \(ED(A)={\mathcal X}(\mathcal{A}(A,\mathbb{S}),\underline{\mathbf S})\). Similar remarks hold for the other two dualities. Moreover, it is shown that \({\mathcal X}_{os}(\underline{\mathbf S}_{os}^{n}, \underline{\mathbf S})={\mathcal X}(\underline{\mathbf S}^{n}, \underline{\mathbf S})\). A major part of this paper is devoted to characterizing the join-irreducible elements of \( {\mathcal X}(\underline{\mathbf S}^{n}, \underline{\mathbf S})\), the authors giving an inductive characterization of them in Theorem 2.11. This set, denoted by \({\mathcal X}(\underline{\mathbf S}^{n}, \underline{\mathbf S})_{J}\), has the structure of a meet semilattice (called ``hairy cube) that completely determines it as a partially Stone space. They also obtain a polynomial representation for the elements of the hairy cube. The results in this paper and in [\textit{D. J. Clouse}, A dual representation of Boolean semirings in a category of structured topological spaces. Ph.D. dissertation, Binghamton University (2002)] greatly expand our understanding of the dual equivalence between the variety of Boolean semirings and the category of partially Stone spaces established in [\textit{F. Guzmán}, ``The variety of Boolean semirings, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 78, No.~3, 253--270 (1992; Zbl 0770.16020)]. They also complete a large initial step for investigating the strong duality established between \(\mathcal{A}\) and \({\mathcal X}_{os}\).

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