Broken translation invariance in quasifree fermionic correlations out of equilibrium

Abstract: Using the C* algebraic scattering approach to study quasifree fermionic systems out of equilibrium in quantum statistical mechanics, we construct the nonequilibrium steady state in the isotropic XY chain whose translation invariance has been broken by a local magnetization and analyze the asymptotic behavior of the expectation value for a class of spatial correlation observables in this state. The effect of the breaking of translation invariance is twofold. Mathematically, the finite rank perturbation not only regularizes the scalar symbol of the invertible Toeplitz operator generating the leading order exponential decay but also gives rise to an additional trace class Hankel operator in the correlation determinant. Physically, in its decay rate, the nonequilibrium steady state exhibits a left mover--right mover structure affected by the scattering at the impurity.

Review text

The usage of \(C^*\) algebraic scattering approach allows for study in quantum statistical mechanics of quasifree fermionic systems that are out of equilibrium. Basing on this approach it is possible to construct the nonequilibrium steady state in the isotropic XY chain, whose translation of invariance was broken by a local magnetization, and to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the expectation value for a class of observables. In this paper we have a detailed analysis of this proposal basing on the note that the role of quasifree fermionic systems is very important one for a wide class of different systems in nature. A special case can be the finite XY spin chain, which can be mapped onto a gas of free fermions (basing on Araki-Jordan-Wigner transformation). The author for his study took the emptiness formation correlation observable for which the expectation value (related to the emptiness formation probability EFP) describes in the spin nature the probability that all spins in a string of a given length point downwards. The behavior of EFP was analyzed in a ground state or in a thermal equilibrium at positive temperature -- in both cases we have a connections with the Toeplitz operator. As a contrast the out of equilibrium state can be given, where the situation is more subtle. By the usage of the translation invariant nonequilibrium state (NESS) it is possible to recast EFP into the form of a Toeplitz determinant but the symbol, in general, is no longer scalar and regular like in the previous two cases. In this paper new results for the asymptotic behavior of a class of spatial correlations and asymptotic behavior of the EFP in a NESS of the isotropic XY chain are presented. The paper is divided into three sections and six appendixes. Section 2 shows the stage for the nonequilibrium XY chain with impurity, it's appropriate construction of NESS and the basic expression for the NESS EFP. In the Section 3 we have an asymptotic analysis of the NESS EFP presented in Section 2. The appendixes A-E show the necessary proofs related to the fermionic quasifree states, magnetic Hamiltonian, wave operators, asymptotic correlation matrix and Toeplitz symbol regularity.

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