The Quartic Residues Latin Square

Abstract: We establish an elementary, but rather striking pattern concerning the quartic residues of primes

p

that are congruent to 5 modulo 8. Let

g

be a generator of the multiplicative group of

m a t h b b Z_{p}

and let

M

be the

4 i m e s 4

matrix whose

(i + 1), (j + 1) -

th entry is the number of elements

x

of

m a t h b b Z_{p}

of the form

x e q u i v g^{k} p m o d p

where

k e q u i v i p m o d 4

and

l f l o o r 4 x / p f l o o r = j

, for

i, j = 0, 1, 2, 3

. We show that

M

is a Latin square, provided the entries in the first row are distinct, and that

M

is essentially independent of the choice of

g

. As an application, we prove that the sum in

m a t h b b Z

of the quartic residues is

f r a c p 5 (M_{11} + 2 M_{12} + 3 M_{13} + 4 M_{14})

.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.00839

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