Periodic solutions with nonconstant sign in Abel equations of the second kind
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Abstract: The study of periodic solutions with constant sign in the Abel equation of the second kind can be made through the equation of the first kind. This is because the situation is equivalent under the transformation , and there are many results available in the literature for the first kind equation. However, the equivalence breaks down when one seeks for solutions with nonconstant sign. This note is devoted to periodic solutions with nonconstant sign in Abel equations of the second kind. Specifically, we obtain sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of a periodic solution that shares the zeros of the leading coefficient of the Abel equation. Uniqueness and stability features of such solutions are also studied.
Consider the scalar differential equation \[ x\dot x= a(t)+ B(t)x+ c(t) x^2.\tag{\(*\)} \] Under the assumptions (i) \(a,b,c: \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) are \(T\)-periodic and continuously differentiable; (ii) \(a\) has at least one zero in \([0,T]\); (iii) \(\min|b(t)|^2> -4\min\dot a(t)[1+ T\max|c(t)|]\), the authors prove that \((*)\) has a \(T\)-periodic solution that has the sign of \(-a(t)b(t)\), and is \(C^1\). This solution is unique, if all the zeros of \(a\) are simple.
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