The Hawking cascade from a black hole is extremely sparse

DOI10.1088/0264-9381/33/11/115003zbMATH Open1342.83104arXiv1506.03975OpenAlexW1927199743MaRDI QIDQ5741271FDOQ5741271

Authors: Finnian Gray, Sebastian Schuster, Alexander Van-Brunt, Matt Visser 

Publication date: 22 July 2016

Published in: Classical and Quantum Gravity (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: The Hawking flux from a black hole, (at least as seen from asymptotic infinity), is extremely sparse and thin, with the average time between emission of the successive Hawking quanta being many times larger than the natural timescale set by the energies of the emitted quanta. While this result has been known for over 30 years, it has largely been forgotten. We shall focus on the early-stage low-temperature regime, and shall confront numerical estimates with semi-analytic approximations based on a naive Planck spectrum. First we shall identify several natural dimensionless figures of merit, and thereby compare the mean time between emission of successive Hawking quanta to several distinct but quite natural timescales that can be associated with the emitted quanta, demonstrating that very large ratios are typical for emission of massless quanta from a Schwarzschild black hole. Furthermore these ratios are independent of the mass of the black hole as it slowly evolves. We shall then show that the situation for the more general Reissner-Nordstrom and generic "dirty black holes is even worse, at least as long as the surrounding matter satisfies some suitable energy conditions. The situation for the Kerr and Kerr--Newman black holes (or even for charged particle emission from a Reissner--Nordstrom black hole) is considerably trickier, and depends on a careful accounting of the super-radiant modes. Overall, the Hawking quanta are seen to be dribbling out of the black hole one at a time, in an extremely slow cascade of 2-body decays. Among other things, this implies that the Hawking flux is subject to "shot noise. Observationally, the Planck spectrum of the Hawking flux can only be determined by collecting and integrating data over a very long timescale. We conclude by connecting these points back to various kinematic aspects of the Hawking evaporation process.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03975

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zbMATH Keywords

kinematicsenergy fluxshot noisePlanck spectrumHawking fluxHawking cascadenumber flux

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quantum field theory on curved space or space-time backgrounds (81T20) Gravitational energy and conservation laws; groups of motions (83C40) Methods of quantum field theory in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C47) Black holes (83C57)

Cited In (16)

• Evading the trans-Planckian problem with Vaidya spacetimes
• Quasinormal modes and Hawking radiation sparsity of GUP corrected black holes in bumblebee gravity with topological defects
• The state of Hawking radiation is non-classical
• Discrete quantum spectrum of black holes
• Quantum black holes as solvents
• Generalized uncertainty principle impact on nonextensive black hole thermodynamics
• Four \(\mathbb{STU}\) black holes shadows
• Feasibility of primordial black hole Remnants as dark matter in view of Hawking radiation recoil
• Greybody factor and sparsity of Hawking radiation from a charged spherical black hole with scalar hair
• Black hole evaporation and its remnants with the generalized uncertainty principle including a linear term
• Vaidya spacetimes, black-bounces, and traversable wormholes
• Hawking radiation of scalar particles and fermions from squashed Kaluza–Klein black holes based on a generalized uncertainty principle
• On the duality of Schwarzschild–de Sitter spacetime and moving mirror
• Sparsity of Hawking radiation in D + 1 space-time dimensions for massless and massive particles
• Quasinormal modes, and different aspects of Hawking radiation within the metric-affine bumblebee gravity framework
• Hawking radiation and the quantum marginal problem

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