The art of simulating the early universe. I: Integration techniques and canonical cases

DOI10.1088/1475-7516/2021/04/035MaRDI QIDQ5862090zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Daniel G. Figueroa, Adrien Florio, Francisco Torrenti, Wessel Valkenburg

Publication date 4 March 2022

Published in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15122

zbMATH Keywords

cosmological phase transitionsinflationparticle physics-cosmology connectionphysics of the early universe

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Minkowski geometries in nonlinear incidence geometry (51B20) Multistep, Runge-Kutta and extrapolation methods for ordinary differential equations (65L06) Finite difference methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M06) Model quantum field theories (81T10) Yang-Mills and other gauge theories in quantum field theory (81T13) Classes of solutions; algebraically special solutions, metrics with symmetries for problems in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C20) Lattice gravity, Regge calculus and other discrete methods in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C27) Geometrodynamics and the holographic principle (83E05) Relativistic cosmology (83F05)

Abstract: We present a comprehensive discussion on lattice techniques for the simulation of scalar and gauge field dynamics in an expanding universe. After reviewing the continuum formulation of scalar and gauge field interactions in Minkowski and FLRW backgrounds, we introduce basic tools for the discretization of field theories, including lattice gauge invariant techniques. Following, we discuss and classify numerical algorithms, ranging from methods of $O(d{t}^2)$ accuracy like $staggeredleapfrog$ and $Verlet$ integration, to $Runge-Kutta$ methods up to $O(d{t}^4)$ accuracy, and the $Yoshida$ and $Gauss-Legendre$ higher-order integrators, accurate up to $O(d{t}^{10})$. We adapt these methods for their use in classical lattice simulations of the non-linear dynamics of scalar and gauge fields in an expanding grid in $3+1$ dimensions, including the case of `self-consistent' expansion sourced by the volume average of the fields' energy and pressure densities. We present lattice formulations of canonical cases of: $i)$ Interacting scalar fields, $ii)$ Abelian $U(1)$ gauge theories, and $iii)$ Non-Abelian $SU(2)$ gauge theories. In all three cases we provide symplectic integrators, with accuracy ranging from $O(d{t}^2)$ up to $O(d{t}^{10})$. For each algorithm we provide the form of relevant observables, such as energy density components, field spectra and the Hubble constraint. Remarkably, all our algorithms for gauge theories respect the Gauss constraint to machine precision, including when `self-consistent' expansion is considered. As a numerical example we analyze the post-inflationary dynamics of an oscillating inflaton charged under $SU(2)imesU(1)$. The present manuscript is meant as part of the theoretical basis for $CosmoLattice$, a modern C++ MPI-based package for simulating the non-linear dynamics of scalar-gauge field theories in an expanding universe, publicly available at www.cosmolattice.net

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Cited in

(30)

• Axion fragmentation on the lattice
• Spectral function of fermions in a highly occupied non-abelian plasma
• Application of optimal transportation theory to the reconstruction of the early Universe
• Dark matter production and reheating via direct inflaton couplings: collective effects
• Tuning symplectic integrators is easy and worthwhile
• Freeze-in from preheating
• Gravitational wave background from non-Abelian reheating after axion-like inflation
• On gravitational preheating
• Preheating in Palatini Higgs inflation on the lattice
• Characterizing the post-inflationary reheating history. Part II. Multiple interacting daughter fields
• Dark matter production via a non-minimal coupling to gravity
• Preheating in Einstein-Cartan Higgs Inflation: oscillon formation
• \(\mathcal{C}\mathtt{osmo}\mathcal{L}\mathtt{attice}\): a modern code for lattice simulations of scalar and gauge field dynamics in an expanding universe
• Gravitational freeze-in dark matter from Higgs preheating
• On unitarity in singlet inflation with a non-minimal coupling to gravity
• Reheating after inflaton fragmentation
• A modified least action principle allowing mass concentrations for the early universe reconstruction problem
• Perturbatively including inhomogeneities in axion inflation
• Lattice simulations of non-minimally coupled scalar fields in the Jordan frame
• Impact of dark sector preheating on CMB observables
• Higher-form symmetry and chiral transport in real-time abelian lattice gauge theory
• Gravitational wave signatures of post-fragmentation reheating
• Formation and decay of oscillons after inflation in the presence of an external coupling. I: Lattice simulations
• Self-tracking solutions for asymptotic scalar fields
• Equation of state during (p)reheating with trilinear interactions
• Ephemeral oscillons in scalar-tensor theories: the Higgs-like case
• \texttt{LATTICEEASY}: A program for lattice simulations of scalar fields in an expanding universe
• \texttt{CLUSTEREASY}: A program for lattice simulations of scalar fields in an expanding universe on parallel computing clusters
• Bayesian optimisation for Bayesian evidence (\texttt{BOBE}) -- a fast and efficient likelihood emulator for model selection
• Nonlinear lattice framework for inflation: bridging stochastic inflation and the N formalism

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