MIP* = RE

DOI10.1145/3485628MaRDI QIDQ5871067zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors

Publication date 25 January 2023

Published in Communications of the ACM (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04383

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Operator spaces and completely bounded maps (46L07) Complexity classes (hierarchies, relations among complexity classes, etc.) (68Q15) Quantum measurement theory, state operations, state preparations (81P15) Quantum coherence, entanglement, quantum correlations (81P40) Complexity of computation (including implicit computational complexity) (03D15) Tensor products of (C^*)-algebras (46L06)

Abstract: We show that the class MIP* of languages that can be decided by a classical verifier interacting with multiple all-powerful quantum provers sharing entanglement is equal to the class RE of recursively enumerable languages. Our proof builds upon the quantum low-degree test of (Natarajan and Vidick, FOCS 2018) and the classical low-individual degree test of (Ji, et al., 2020) by integrating recent developments from (Natarajan and Wright, FOCS 2019) and combining them with the recursive compression framework of (Fitzsimons et al., STOC 2019). An immediate byproduct of our result is that there is an efficient reduction from the Halting Problem to the problem of deciding whether a two-player nonlocal game has entangled value $1$ or at most $1/2$. Using a known connection, undecidability of the entangled value implies a negative answer to Tsirelson's problem: we show, by providing an explicit example, that the closure $C_{qa}$ of the set of quantum tensor product correlations is strictly included in the set $C_{qc}$ of quantum commuting correlations. Following work of (Fritz, Rev. Math. Phys. 2012) and (Junge et al., J. Math. Phys. 2011) our results provide a refutation of Connes' embedding conjecture from the theory of von Neumann algebras.

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