Asymptotic behavior of Müntz orthogonal polynomials

DOI10.1007/S00365-009-9059-XMaRDI QIDQ5962342zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 22 September 2010

Published in Constructive Approximation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00365-009-9059-x

Müntz orthogonal polynomials Müntz polynomials

Dirichlet series, exponential series and other series in one complex variable (30B50) Asymptotic approximations, asymptotic expansions (steepest descent, etc.) (41A60) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05) Nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C99)

Review text

Consider the Müntz spaces \[ M_n(\Lambda)=\text{span}\,\{x^{\lambda_0},x^{\lambda_1},\dots,x^{\lambda_n}\},\;M(\Lambda)=\bigcup_{n=0}^{\infty}\,M_n(\Lambda), \] for an arbitrary sequence \(\Lambda=\{\lambda_k\}_{k=0}^{\infty}\) of distinct real numbers \(\lambda_k>-1/2\). The Müntz theorem asserts that \(M(\Lambda)\) is dense in \(\text{L}^2[0,1]\) if and only if \[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\,{\lambda_k+{1\over 2}\over (\lambda_k+{1\over 2})^2 +1}=\infty,\eqno{(1)} \] which is for \(\inf_{k\geq 0}\,\lambda_k>-1/2\) equivalent to \[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\,{1\over \lambda_k+{1\over 2}}=\infty.\eqno{(2)} \] The generalized polynomials from \(M(\Lambda)\) can be orthogonalized and form a Chebychev system on \((0,\infty)\). The \(n\)th Müntz-Legendre polynomial of \(M(\Lambda)\) is defined by \[ L_n(x)=L_n(\Lambda;x)={1\over 2\pi i}\,\int_{\Gamma}\,\prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\,{t+\lambda_k+1\over t-\lambda_k}\,{x^t\over t-\lambda_n}\,dt, \eqno{(3)} \] where the simple contour \(\Gamma\) surrounds all the zeros of the denominator in the integrand; they satisfy \[ \int_0^1\,L_n(x)L_m(x)dx={\delta_{n,m}\over 2\lambda_n +1}\;(n\geq m). \] (The `ordinary' Legendre polynomials \(P_n(t)\) with Legendre weight \(w(t)\equiv 1\) on \([-1,1]\) are a special case: \(P_n(t)=L_n(\mathbb{N}_0;{t+1\over 2})\)) The main results of the paper under review are an integral representation and an analogue of the Laplace formula: Theorem 1.1 \[ L_n(\Lambda;x^2)={1\over \pi x}\int_0^{\infty}\,{\sin{(2\lambda_n^{\ast}[R_n(t)-t\log{x}])}\over \sqrt{1+t^2}}dt, \] with \[ R_n(t)={1\over\lambda_n^{\ast}}\left\{\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\,\arctan{\lambda_j^{\ast}\over\lambda_n^{\ast}t}+{1\over 2}\arctan{1\over t}\right\}, \lambda_k^{\ast}=\lambda_k+{1\over 2}. \] Theorem 1.2. Let \(\Lambda:{-1\over 2}<\lambda_0<\lambda_1<\lambda_2<\cdots\) satisfy condition (2) and \[ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\,{1\over \lambda_n^{\ast}}\,\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\,\lambda_j^{\ast}=\infty, \] then the following `Laplace formula' holds \[ L_n(\Lambda;x^2)={\cos{(2\lambda_n^{\ast}[R_n(t_n)-t_n\log{x}]-{\pi\over 4})}\over x\sqrt{\pi\lambda_n^{\ast}R_n(t_n)(1+t_n^2)}}+ o\left({1\over\sqrt{\lambda_n^{\ast}R_n(t_n)(1+t_n^2)}}\right)\text{ as }n\rightarrow\infty, \] where \(t_n=t_n(x)\in (0,\infty)\) is the unique stationary point of \(h_n(t)=h_n(t,x)=R_n(t)-t\log{x}\) (i.e. \(R_n'(t_n)=\log{x}\)). The result holds uniformly in \(x\) on compact subserts of \((0,1)\). Moreover, explicit asymptotics are given in the case \(\lambda_n\sim n/\rho\) for some \(\rho>0\) (Theorem 1.3) and results using a type of Newton iteration, putting emphasis on \(h_n\) (being explicit, as opposed to \(t_n\)), exploiting successive approximations of the limit point at \(\theta\) of \(t_n\) (Theorem 1.4) and, finally, results on asymptotics in terms of the increasing sequence of numbers \(\lambda_n\) (Theorems 1.5 and 1.6). An interesting and well written paper.

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