Integrability of the Zakharov-Shabat systems by quadrature

differential Galois theory eigenvalue problems for linear systems of ordinary differential equations integrability inverse scattering transform Zakharov-Shabat systems

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Boundary eigenvalue problems for ordinary differential equations (34B09) Inverse problems (Riemann-Hilbert, inverse differential Galois, etc.) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M50) Soliton solutions (35C08) KdV equations (Korteweg-de Vries equations) (35Q53) NLS equations (nonlinear Schrödinger equations) (35Q55) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Inverse spectral and scattering methods for infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37K15)

Abstract: We study the integrability of the general two-dimensional Zakharov-Shabat systems, which appear in application of the inverse scattering transform (IST) to an important class of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) called integrable systems, in the meaning of differential Galois theory, i.e., their solvability by quadrature. It becomes a key for obtaining analytical solutions to the PDEs by using the IST. For a wide class of potentials, we prove that they are integrable in that meaning if and only if the potentials are reflectionless. It is well known that for such potentials particular solutions called n-solitons in the original PDEs are yielded by the IST.

Review text

In this article, the author proves that (under some hypothesis) the two-dimensional Zakharov-Shabat system \[ \psi_x = \left( \begin{array}{ccccccccc} -i k & q(x) \\ r(x) &ik \end{array} \right)\psi, \quad \psi \in {\mathbb C}^2\text{ and }x \in\mathbb{R}, \] which involves via inverse scattering transform for many PDEs such as KdV and the one-dimensional cubic NLS, is integrable in the meaning of differential Galois theory, that is to say it is solved by quadrature, for any \(k \in\mathbb{C} \setminus \{0\}\), if and only if the potentials \(q\) and \(r\) are reflectionless, meaning that the reflection coefficients arising in the corresponding transfer matrix are null. The proof is achieved by combining properties of the inverse scattering transform with the differential Galois theory.

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