Diophantine equations with three monomials

DOI10.1016/J.JNT.2023.06.011MaRDI QIDQ6046937zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Bogdan Grechuk, Tetiana Grechuk, Ashleigh Wilcox

Publication date 6 September 2023

Published in Journal of Number Theory (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.02513

zbMATH Keywords

Diophantine equationsgeneralized Fermat equationsinteger solutionsthree-monomial equationstwo-variable equations

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Higher degree equations; Fermat's equation (11D41) Number-theoretic algorithms; complexity (11Y16) Computer solution of Diophantine equations (11Y50)

Abstract: We present a general algorithm for solving all two-variable polynomial Diophantine equations consisting of three monomials. Before this work, even the existence of an algorithm for solving the one-parameter family of equations $x^4+axy+y^3=0$ has been an open question. We also present an elementary method that reduces the task of finding all integer solutions to a general three-monomial equation to the task of finding primitive solutions to equations with three monomials in disjoint variables. We identify a large class of three-monomial equations for which this method leads to a complete solution. Empirical data suggests that this class contains $100\mathrm{\%}$ of three-monomial equations as the number of variables goes to infinity.

Review text

In this paper, a general algorithm for solving all three-monomial equations in two variables is presented. It is relied on deep classical results in the theory of two-variable Diophantine equations, such as Baker's resolution of superelliptic equations and Walsh's effective version of Runge's theorem, but is otherwise elementary. An interesting special case is the family of equations \(x^4 + axy + y^3 = 0\), where \(a\) is an integer. A table with the non-trivial solutions of these equations with \(1\leq a \leq 100\) is given. Furthermore, a method that reduces an arbitrary three-monomial equation, in any number of variables, to a finite number of equations that have three monomials in disjoint variables, is described. In many examples, the resulting equations are either easier than the original one, or are already solved in the literature. Two interesting examples are given: a family of equations that the proposed method reduces to Fermat's Last Theorem, and the description of all integer solutions to the equation \(ax^n+by^m= cz^k\), provided that at least one of the exponents \(n, m, k\) is coprime with the other two. Tables with cubic and quartic three monomials equations are given which are solvable and non solvable by the proposed method. Moreover, a simple sufficient condition is provided that guarantees that a given three-monomial equation is solvable by the presented method, and empirically check that the percentage of three-monomial equations satisfying this condition approaches 100\% when the number of variables goes to infinity.

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