Rotating Shallow Water Equations with Bottom Drag: Bifurcations and Growth Due to Kinetic Energy Backscatter

DOI10.1137/22M152222XMaRDI QIDQ6076410zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Artur Prugger, Jens D. M. Rademacher, Jichen Yang

Publication date 21 September 2023

Published in SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06651

zbMATH Keywords

backscatterbifurcationsbottom dragexplicit flowsgeostrophic balanceinertia-gravity wavesplane wavesrotating shallow water equationsunbounded instability

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Bifurcations in context of PDEs (35B32) Stability in context of PDEs (35B35) Traveling wave solutions (35C07) Systems of nonlinear higher-order PDEs (35G50) Semilinear parabolic equations with Laplacian, bi-Laplacian or poly-Laplacian (35K91) PDEs in connection with fluid mechanics (35Q35) Dynamical systems in fluid mechanics, oceanography and meteorology (37N10) Waves for incompressible viscous fluids (76D33) Hydrology, hydrography, oceanography (86A05)

Abstract: The rotating shallow water equations with f-plane approximation and nonlinear bottom drag are a prototypical model for mid-latitude geophysical flow that experience energy loss through simple topography. Motivated by numerical schemes for large-scale geophysical flow, we consider this model on the whole space with horizontal kinetic energy backscatter source terms built from negative viscosity and stabilizing hyperviscosity with constant parameters. We study its interplay with linear and non-smooth quadratic bottom drag through the existence of coherent flows. Our results highlight that backscatter can have undesired amplification and selection effects, generating obstacles to energy distribution. We find that decreasing linear bottom drag destabilizes the trivial flow and generates nonlinear flows that can be associated with geostrophic equilibria (GE) and inertia-gravity waves (IGWs). The IGWs are periodic travelling waves, while the GE are stationary and can be studied by a plane wave reduction. We show that for isotropic backscatter both bifurcate simultaneously and supercritically, while for anisotropic backscatter the primary bifurcation are GE. In all cases presence of non-smooth quadratic bottom drag implies unusual scaling laws. For the rigorous bifurcation analysis by Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction care has to be taken due to this lack of smoothness and since the hyperviscous terms yield a lack of spectral gap at large wave numbers. For purely smooth bottom drag, we identify a class of explicit such flows that behave linearly within the nonlinear equations: amplitudes can be steady and arbitrary, or grow exponentially and unboundedly. We illustrate the results by numerical computations and present extended branches in parameter space.

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Cited in

(1)

• Geophysical fluid models with simple energy backscatter: explicit flows and unbounded exponential growth

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