Weakly invariant norms: geometry of spheres in the space of skew-Hermitian matrices

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2023.08.023MaRDI QIDQ6083989zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Gabriel Larotonda, Ivan Rey

Publication date 31 October 2023

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05957

zbMATH Keywords

adjoint actionconvex setFinsler normmajorizationnorming functionalpolytopeskew-Hermitian matrixsupporting hyperplaneunitarily invariant normweakly invariant norm

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, and related matrices (15B57) Analysis on real and complex Lie groups (22E30) Lie algebras of Lie groups (22E60) Functional inequalities, including subadditivity, convexity, etc. (39B62) Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces (46B20)

Abstract: Let $N$ be a weakly unitarily invariant norm (i.e. invariant for the coadjoint action of the unitary group) in the space of skew-Hermitian matrices $mathfrak{u}_n(mathbbC)$. In this paper we study the geometry of the unit sphere of such a norm, and we show how its geometric properties are encoded by the majorization properties of the eigenvalues of the matrices. We give a detailed characterization of norming functionals of elements for a given norm, and we then prove a sharp criterion for the commutator $[X,[X,V]]$ to be in the hyperplane that supports $V$ in the unit sphere. We show that the adjoint action $VmapstoV+[X,V]$ of $mathfrak{u}_n(mathbbC)$ on itself pushes vectors away from the unit sphere. As an application of the previous results, for a strictly convex norm, we prove that the norm is preserved by this last action if and only if $X$ commutes with $V$. We give a more detailed description in the case of any weakly $Ad$-invariant norm.

Review text

Let \(U_n\) denote the Lie group of all unitary \(n\times n\) complex matrices, and let \({u}_n\) stand for its Lie algebra, the real linear space of skew-Hermitian matrices. The authors study the dual norm of a weakly unitarily invariant norm on \({u}_n\), and show the correspondence among unit spheres of both norms by using the notion of polar duality. They show that faces of the unit sphere can be described by unit norm functionals, or equivalently, by elements of dual unit norm in \({u}_n\). In addition, they obtain a characterization of norming functionals, extreme points and smooth points of the sphere. Furthermore, they establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the inequality \(\varphi([X, [X, V ]]) \leq 0\) to be an equality, where \(\varphi\) is a norming functional for \(V\in {u}_n\). As an application, they investigate the adjoint action \(V \to V + [X, V]\) of \({u}_n\) on itself. They show that this action always pushes vectors away from the unit sphere, and it only preserves the norm under strict conditions. In particular, these conditions ensure that for a strictly convex norm \(\|\cdot\|\), it holds that \(\|V + [X, V ]\| \geq \|V\|\), with equality if and only if \([X, V ] = 0\).

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Cited in

(1)

• Convexity of sums of eigenvalues of a segment of unitaries

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