Existence theory for multiple solutions to second-order singular Dirichlet boundary value problem modeling the antarctic circumpolar current

Singular nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B16) Positive solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B18) Fixed-point theorems (47H10) Degree theory for nonlinear operators (47H11) Hydrology, hydrography, oceanography (86A05)

Review text

This paper is devoted to the solvability of the following singular Dirichlet boundary value problem \[ \ddot u-\alpha(t)F(t,u(t))+\beta(t)=0,\quad 0<t<1, \] \[ u(0)=u(1)=0, \] which is a model of the ocean flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Here \[ \alpha(t)=\frac{(s_2-s_1)^2}{4\cosh^2(\frac{(s_2-s_1)t+s_1}{2})}, \] \[ \beta(t)=\frac{\omega (s_2-s_1)^2\sinh(\frac{(s_2-s_1)t+s_1}{2})}{2\cosh^3(\frac{(s_2-s_1)t+s_1}{2})}, \] \(s_2>s_1>0\) are constants associated with the model, \(\omega>0\) is the non-dimensional Coriolis parameter, and the oceanic vorticity function \(F:[0,1]\times(0,+\infty)\to(-\infty, 0]\) is continuous and singular at \(u=0,\) i.e., \(\lim_{u\to0_+}F(t,u)=-\infty.\) In one of the results it is assumed that for each constant \(L>0\) there is a functoin \(\phi_L\geq0,\;t\in[0,1],\) which is positive in a set of positive measure and \[ F(t,u)\leq -\phi_L(t)\text{ for }(t,u)\in(0,1)\times(0,L], \] and that there are a constant \(r>0\) and continuous nonnegative functions \(g(u)\) and \(h(u)\) on \((0,\infty)\) such that \(g(u)\) is non-increasing, \(h(u)/g(u)\) is nondecreasing and \[ -g(u)-h(u)\leq F(t,u)\leq 0\text{ for }(t,u)\in(0,1)\times(0,\infty), \] \[ \frac{(s_2-s_1)^2}{24\cosh^2(\frac{s_1}{2})}\Bigl\{1+\frac{h(r+\mu^*)}{g(r+\mu^*)}\Bigr\}<\int^r_0\frac{1}{g(u)}du, \] where \(\mu^*=\max \mu(t),\) \[ \mu(t)=\int^1_0 G(t,\tau).\frac{\omega(s_2-s_1)^2\sinh(\frac{(s_2-s_1)\tau+s_1}{2})}{2\cosh^3(\frac{(s_2-s_1)\tau+s_1}{2})}d\tau, \] and \(G(t,s)\) is the Green function for the boundary value problem \[ \ddot u=0,\quad u(0)=0,\quad u(1)=0. \] Under these assumptions, using the Leray-Schauder nonlinear alternative principle and a well-known fixed point theorem in cones, the autors prove that the considered boundary value problem has a nonnegative solution \(u\in C[0,1]\cap C^2(0,1)\) such that \(u(t)>0\) for \(t\in(0,1)\) and \(0<||u-\mu||<r.\) Results guaranteeing multiple positive solutions are given also.

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Existence of solutions for nonlinear elliptic equations modeling the steady flow of the antarctic circumpolar current.

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