Conjugacy classes in PSL₂ (K)

DOI10.5802/MRR.16arXiv2210.02481OpenAlexW4389781702MaRDI QIDQ6120907FDOQ6120907

Authors: Christopher-Lloyd Simon 

Publication date: 26 March 2024

Published in: Mathematics Research Reports (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We first describe, over a field K of characteristic different from 2, the orbits for the adjoint actions of the Lie groups PGL(2, K) and PSL(2, K) on their Lie algebra sl(2, K). While the former are well known, the latter lead to the resolution of generalised Pell-Fermat equations which characterise the corresponding orbit. The synthetic approach enables to change the base field, and we illustrate this picture over the fields with three and five elements, in relation with the geometry of the tetrahedral and icosahedral groups. While the results may appear familiar, they do not seem to be covered in such generality or detail by the existing literature. We apply this discussion to partition the set of PSL(2, Z)-classes of integral binary quadratic forms into groups of PSL(2, K)-classes. When K = C we obtain the class groups of a given discriminant. Then we provide a complete description of their partition into PSL(2, Q)-classes in terms of Hilbert symbols, and relate this to the partition into genera. The results are classical, but our geometrical approach is of independent interest as it may yield new insights into the geometry of Gauss composition, and unify the picture over function fields. Finally we provide a geometric interpretation in the modular orbifold PSL(2, Z) H for when two points or two closed geodesics correspond to PSL(2, K)-equivalent quadratic forms, in terms of hyperbolic distances and angles between those modular cycles. These geometric quantities are related to linking numbers of modular knots. Their distribution properties could be studied using the geometry of the quadratic lattice (sl(2, Z), det) but such investigations are not pursued here.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02481

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zbMATH Keywords

Lie algebramodular groupKilling formbinary quadratic formsadjoint actiongenus class groupHilbert symbolmodular cycles

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Conjugacy classes for groups (20E45) Quadratic forms over general fields (11E04) General properties and structure of other Lie groups (22E20)

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