A theory of transformation monoids: combinatorics and representation theory

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop a theory of finite transformation monoids and in particular to study primitive transformation monoids. We introduce the notion of orbitals and orbital digraphs for transformation monoids and prove a monoid version of D. Higman's celebrated theorem characterizing primitivity in terms of connectedness of orbital digraphs. A thorough study of the module (or representation) associated to a transformation monoid is initiated. In particular, we compute the projective cover of the transformation module over a field of characteristic zero in the case of a transitive transformation or partial transformation monoid. Applications of probability theory and Markov chains to transformation monoids are also considered and an ergodic theorem is proved in this context. In particular, we obtain a generalization of a lemma of P. Neumann, from the theory of synchronizing groups, concerning the partition associated to a transformation of minimal rank.


This papers develops the theory of finite transformation monoids in the spirit similar to that of finite permutation groups. The main emphasis is made on the study of primitive transformation monoids. The paper consists of three parts: the first part systemizes the foundations of the theory, the second part deals with primitive transformation monoids and the third part studies modules associated with transformation monoids. -- The author gives a specialization (in this context) of Schützenberger's theory of unambiguous matrix monoids and generalizes Green's theory from the context of modules to transformation monoids. Further, the author introduces the notions of orbital and orbital digraphs for transformation monoids and characterizes primitivity in terms of connectedness of orbital digraphs. After that the author computes the projective cover of the transformation module associated with the transformation monoid over a field of characteristic zero in the case of a transitive transformation or partial transformation monoid. The paper ends with applications of Markov chains to the study of transformation monoids.




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