On Leray's problem in an infinitely long pipe with the Navier-slip boundary condition

Existence problems for PDEs: global existence, local existence, non-existence (35A01) Uniqueness problems for PDEs: global uniqueness, local uniqueness, non-uniqueness (35A02) Weak solutions to PDEs (35D30) PDEs in connection with fluid mechanics (35Q35) Fixed-point theorems (47H10) Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous fluids (76D05) Boundary-layer theory, separation and reattachment, higher-order effects (76D10)

Abstract: The original Leray's problem concerns the well-posedness of weak solutions to the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a distorted pipe, which approach to the Poiseuille flow subject to the no-slip boundary condition at spacial infinity. In this paper, the same problem with the Navier-slip boundary condition instead of the no-slip boundary condition, is addressed. Due to the complexity of the boundary condition, some new ideas, presented as follows, are introduced to handle the extra difficulties caused by boundary terms. First, the Poiseuille flow in the semi-infinite straight pipe with the Navier-slip boundary condition will be introduced, which will be served as the asymptotic profile of the solution to the generalized Leray's problem at spacial infinity. Second, a solenoidal vector function defined in the whole pipe, satisfying the Navier-slip boundary condition, having the designated flux and equalling to the Poiseuille flow at large distance, will be carefully constructed. This plays an important role in reformulating our problem. Third, the energy estimates depend on a combined

L^{2}

estimate of the gradient and the stress tensor of the velocity.

Review text

The authors consider a smooth domain \(\mathcal{D}\subset \mathbb{R}^{3}\) which is decomposed as \(\mathcal{D}=\mathcal{D}_{L}\cup \mathcal{D}_{M}\cup \mathcal{D}_{R}\), where \(\mathcal{D}_{L}\) and \(\mathcal{D}_{R}\) are semi-infinite smooth straight pipes with smooth and bounded cross sections \( \Sigma _{L}\) and \(\Sigma _{R}\) perpendicular to the \(x_{3}\)-axis: \(\mathcal{D }_{L}=\Sigma _{L}\times (-\infty ,-Z/2]\) and \(\mathcal{D}_{L}=\Sigma _{R}\times (Z/2,+\infty ]\). They consider the generalized Leray's problem, which consists to find a pair \((u,p)\) such that for a given flux \(\Phi \): \( u\nabla u+\nabla p-\Delta u=0\), \(\nabla \cdot u=0\), in \(\mathcal{D}\), where \( u\) is the displacement and \(p\) the pressure, and the Navier-slip boundary condition: \(2(\mathbb{S}u\cdot n)_{tan}+\alpha u_{tan}=0\), \(u\cdot n=0\), on \( \partial \mathcal{D}\), with \(\int_{\Sigma _{i}}u_{3}(x_{h},x_{3})dx_{h}=\Phi \) for \(\left\vert x_{3}\right\vert >Z/2\) and \(u\rightarrow g_{\Phi }^{i}\) as \(\left\vert x\right\vert \rightarrow \infty \) in \(\mathcal{D}_{i}\). Here \( \mathbb{S}u=\frac{1}{2}(\nabla u+\nabla ^{T}u)\) is the stress field, \(n\) the unit outer normal vector of \(\partial \mathcal{D}\), \(u_{tan}\) the tangential part of \(u\), \(\alpha >0\) the friction constant, and \(g_{\Phi }^{i}\) the Poiseuille flow associated with \(\Phi \). A vector \(u:\mathcal{D}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3}\) is a weak solution to the generalized Leray's problem if \( u\in H_{loc}^{\sigma }(\mathcal{D})\), \(u\) satisfies \(2\int_{\mathcal{D}} \mathbb{S}u:\mathbb{S}\varphi dx+\alpha \int_{\partial \mathcal{D} }u_{tan}\cdot \varphi _{tan}dS+\int_{\mathcal{D}}u\cdot \nabla \varphi \cdot udx=0\) for all \(\varphi \in X=\{\varphi \in C_{c}^{\infty }(\mathcal{D}; \mathbb{R}^{3}):\nabla \cdot \varphi =0\), \(\varphi \cdot n\mid _{\partial \mathcal{D}}=0\}\), the flux condition in the trace sense, and \(u-g_{\Phi }^{i}\in H^{1}(\mathcal{D}_{i})\) for \(i=L,R\). The main results prove the existence of a positive constant \(\Phi _{0}\) depending only on \(\alpha \) and \(\mathcal{D}\) such that for any \(\Phi \leq \Phi _{0}\), the generalized Leray's problem has a weak solution \((u,p)\in H_{loc}^{\sigma }(\mathcal{D} )\times L^{2}(\mathcal{D})\) satisfying \(\sum_{i=L,R}\left\Vert u-g_{\Phi }^{i}\right\Vert _{H^{1}(\mathcal{D}_{i})}\leq C_{\alpha ,\mathcal{D}}\Phi \) , where \(C_{\alpha ,\mathcal{D}}\) depends only on \(\alpha \) and \(\mathcal{D}\) . This weak solution is unique if for any \(\zeta >Z\), \(\left\Vert \nabla u\right\Vert _{L^{2}(D_{\zeta })}=o(\zeta ^{3/2})\) and the flux \(\Phi \) is sufficiently small. If \(p\) is the pressure associated to the weak solution \(u \), which is unique up to the addition of an arbitrary constant, then \((u,p)\) belongs to \(C^{\infty }(\overline{\mathcal{D}})\) and \(u-g_{\Phi }^{i}\) satisfies pointwise decay estimates for large values of \(\left\vert x_{3}\right\vert \). For the proof, the authors first rewrite the Navier-slip boundary conditions on \(\partial \mathcal{D}\) in the locally moving coordinate framework. They prove a Poincaré inequality in a 2D compact domain with a \(C^{1}\) boundary, a partial Poincaré inequality in a straight pipe and a Poincaré-type inequality in a truncated and distorted pipe. They analyze the Poiseuille flows in the straight pipes \( \mathcal{D}_{L}\) and \(\mathcal{D}_{R}\). They build a smooth divergence-free vector \(a\), which satisfies the Navier-slip boundary condition and they prove estimates on this vector. They apply the Galerkin method and a Brouwer's fixed point theorem. The uniqueness and the decay estimates are proved using appropriate estimates on the solution.

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