Nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B15) Navier-Stokes equations (35Q30) Spline approximation (41A15) Kernel operators (47B34) Gaussian processes (60G15) Probabilistic methods, particle methods, etc. for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M75) Spectral, collocation and related methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N35) Probabilistic methods, particle methods, etc. for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N75) Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous fluids (76D05)
Abstract: We present a Gaussian Process (GP) approach (Gaussian Process Hydrodynamics, GPH) for approximating the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. As in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), GPH is a Lagrangian particle-based approach involving the tracking of a finite number of particles transported by the flow. However, these particles do not represent mollified particles of matter but carry discrete/partial information about the continuous flow. Closure is achieved by placing a divergence-free GP prior on the velocity field and conditioning on vorticity at particle locations. Known physics (e.g., the Richardson cascade and velocity-increments power laws) is incorporated into the GP prior through physics-informed additive kernels. This approach allows us to coarse-grain turbulence in a statistical manner rather than a deterministic one. By enforcing incompressibility and fluid/structure boundary conditions through the selection of the kernel, GPH requires much fewer particles than SPH. Since GPH has a natural probabilistic interpretation, numerical results come with uncertainty estimates enabling their incorporation into a UQ pipeline and the adding/removing of particles (quantas of information) in an adapted manner. The proposed approach is amenable to analysis, it inherits the complexity of state-of-the-art solvers for dense kernel matrices, and it leads to a natural definition of turbulence as information loss. Numerical experiments support the importance of selecting physics-informed kernels and illustrate the major impact of such kernels on accuracy and stability. Since the proposed approach has a Bayesian interpretation, it naturally enables data assimilation and making predictions and estimations based on mixing simulation data with experimental data.
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