Bayesian learning of Covid-19 vaccine safety while incorporating adverse events ontology

DOI10.1214/23-AOAS1743MaRDI QIDQ6138610zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Bangyao Zhao, Yuan Zhong, Jian Kang, Li-Li Zhao

Publication date 16 January 2024

Published in The Annals of Applied Statistics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05370

zbMATH Keywords

Bayesian modelgraphical modelnegative controlCOVID-19 vaccineadverse event ontology

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Applications of statistics (62Pxx)

Abstract: While vaccines are crucial to end the COVID-19 pandemic, public confidence in vaccine safety has always been vulnerable. Many statistical methods have been applied to VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) database to study the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. However, all these methods ignored the adverse event (AE) ontology. AEs are naturally related; for example, events of retching, dysphagia, and reflux are all related to an abnormal digestive system. Explicitly bringing AE relationships into the model can aid in the detection of true AE signals amid the noise while reducing false positives. We propose a Bayesian graphical model to estimate all AEs while incorporating the AE ontology simultaneously. We proposed strategies to construct conjugate forms leading to an efficient Gibbs sampler. Built upon the posterior distributions, we proposed a negative control approach to mitigate reporting bias and an enrichment approach to detect AE groups of concern. The proposed methods were evaluated using simulation studies and were further illustrated on studying the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. The proposed methods were implemented in R package extit{BGrass} and source code are available at https://github.com/BangyaoZhao/BGrass.

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