Deep Neural Networks Pruning via the Structured Perspective Regularization

DOI10.1137/22M1542313MaRDI QIDQ6148352zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Matteo Cacciola, Antonio Frangioni, Andrea Lodi

Publication date 11 January 2024

Published in SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14056

zbMATH Keywords

optimizationartificial neural networkspruning

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Convex programming (90C25) Artificial neural networks and deep learning (68T07) Applications of mathematical programming (90C90) Integer programming (90C10)

Abstract: In Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a very powerful tool, broadly used in many applications. Often, the selected (deep) architectures include many layers, and therefore a large amount of parameters, which makes training, storage and inference expensive. This motivated a stream of research about compressing the original networks into smaller ones without excessively sacrificing performances. Among the many proposed compression approaches, one of the most popular is emph{pruning}, whereby entire elements of the ANN (links, nodes, channels, ldots) and the corresponding weights are deleted. Since the nature of the problem is inherently combinatorial (what elements to prune and what not), we propose a new pruning method based on Operational Research tools. We start from a natural Mixed-Integer-Programming model for the problem, and we use the Perspective Reformulation technique to strengthen its continuous relaxation. Projecting away the indicator variables from this reformulation yields a new regularization term, which we call the Structured Perspective Regularization, that leads to structured pruning of the initial architecture. We test our method on some ResNet architectures applied to CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, obtaining competitive performances w.r.t.~the state of the art for structured pruning.

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