On some questions related to integrable groups

Simple groups: alternating groups and groups of Lie type (20D06) Maximal subgroups (20E28) Derived series, central series, and generalizations for groups (20F14) Linear algebraic groups over finite fields (20G40)

Abstract: A group

G

is integrable if it is isomorphic to the derived subgroup of a group

H

; that is, if

H^{'} s i m e q G

, and in this case

H

is an integral of

G

. If

G

is a subgroup of

U

, we say that

G

is integrable within

U

if

G = H^{'}

for some

H l e q U

. In this work we focus on two problems posed in [1]. We classify the almost-simple finite groups

G

that are integrable, which we show to be equivalent to those integrable within

m a t h r m A u t (S)

, where

S

is the socle of

G

. We then classify all

2

-homogeneous subgroups of the finite symmetric group

S_{n}

that are integrable within

S_{n}

.

Review text

A group \(G\) is integrable if it is isomorphic to the derived subgroup of a group \(H\), that is, if \(G \simeq H'\), and in this case \(H\) is an integral of \(G\). If \(G\) is a subgroup of \(U\), then \(G\) is integrable within \(U\) if \(G = H'\) for some \(H \leq U\). \textit{W. Burnside} [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 11, 225--245 (1912; JFM 43.0198.02)] was the first to consider integrals of groups, showing, for example, that a nonabelian finite \(p\)-group with cyclic center cannot be relatively integrable within a finite \(p\)-group. Since then, several other authors have considered which groups can appear as derived subgroups under certain restrictions (see e.g. [\textit{B. H. Neumann}, Compos. Math. 13, 47--64 (1956; Zbl 0070.25405)]). The first result proved in the delightful paper under review is Theorem A: A finite almost-simple group \(G\) with socle \(S\) is integrable if and only if it is integrable within \(\Aut(S)\). Moreover, the subgroups between \(S\) and \(\Aut(S)\) that are integrable within \(\Aut(S)\) are precisely those contained in \(\Aut(S)'\). A group \(G\) acting on a set \(\Omega\) is said to be \(k\)-homogeneous if it is transitive on the set \(\Omega^{\{k\}}\) of all \(k\) element subsets of \(\Omega\). The second main result of this paper is Theorem B: Let \(G\) be a 2-homogeneous subgroup of the finite symmetric group \(S_{n}\) and let \(S\) be its socle. If \(G\) is integral within \(S_{n}\), then \(G\) lies between (\(N_{S_{n}}(S))\) and (\(N_{S_{n}}(S))'\). Theorem A and B solves two questions posed in [\textit{J. Araújo} et. al., Isr. J. Math. 234, No. 1, 149--178 (2019; Zbl 1458.20029)].

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