On the Lagrange and Markov dynamical spectra for geodesic flows on surfaces with negative curvature

Markov and Lagrange spectra and generalizations (11J06) Dynamical systems of geometric origin and hyperbolicity (geodesic and horocycle flows, etc.) (37D40) Global Riemannian geometry, including pinching (53C20)

Abstract: We consider the Lagrange and the Markov dynamical spectra associated to a geodesic flow on a surface of negative curvature. We show that for a large set of real functions on the unit tangent bundle and for typical metrics with negative curvature and finite volume, both the Lagrange and the Markov dynamical spectra have non-empty interior.

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The authors investigate the dynamical Lagrange and Markov spectra determined by a typical function \(f : SX^{g} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), where \(X^{g}\) is a complete surface of pinched negative Gaussian curvature relative to a smooth metric \(g\) and \(SX^{g}\) denotes the unit tangent bundle of \(X^{g}\). They show that typically both spectra contain open intervals in \(\mathbb{R}\). Let \(M\) be a smooth manifold and let \(\phi\) be a smooth vector field on \(M\) with flow \(\{\phi^{t} : t \in \mathbb{R} \}\). Given a smooth function \(f : M \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) and a point \(x \in M\) define \(m_{\phi,f}(x) = \sup_{t \in \mathbb{R}} f(\phi^{t}x)\) and \(\ell_{\phi , f}(x) = \limsup_{t \rightarrow + \infty}~ f(\phi^{t}x)\). Let \((M,\phi,f) = \{m_{\phi,f}(x) : x \in M \}\) and \((L,\phi,f) = \{ \ell_{\phi,f}(x) : x \in M \}\). These are respectively the Markov and Lagrange spectra determined by \(f\). One can show that \((L,\phi,f) \subset M(\phi,f)\). Now let \(X\) be a smooth surface and let \(\mathcal{G}^{3}(X)\) denote the space of \(C^{3}\) Riemannian metrics on \(X\). For \(g \in \mathcal{G}^{3}(X)\) let \(\phi^{g}\) denote the geodesic vector field on \(SX^{g}\). The authors prove the following: Theorem. Given a metric \(g_{0} \in \mathcal{G}^{3}(X)\) with pinched negative curvature there exists, for metrics \(g\) arbitrarily close to \(g_{0}\), a dense and \(C^{2}\) open set \(\mathcal{H}_{g} \subset C^{2}(SX^{g},\mathbb{R})\) such that \((M,\phi^{g},f)\) and \((L,\phi^{g},f)\) contain open intervals for all \(f \in \mathcal{H}_{g}\). For \(g \in \mathcal{G}^{3}(X)\) let \(\pi_{g} : SX^{g} \rightarrow X^{g}\) denote the projection map. The authors obtain two additional results similar to the one above for the special case that \(f : SX^{g} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) has the form \(f = h \circ \pi_{g}\), where \(h \in C^{2}(X^{g}, \mathbb{R})\).

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A dynamical-geometric characterization of the geodesic flows of negatively curved locally symmetric spaces

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