A groupoid approach to regular -semigroups

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2023.109447OpenAlexW4389552290MaRDI QIDQ6184571FDOQ6184571

Authors James East, P. A. Azeef Muhammed

Publication date 25 January 2024

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.04845

zbMATH Keywords

inverse semigroupsgroupoidspartition monoidsprojection algebrasregular \(\ast \)-semigroups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20) Groupoids, semigroupoids, semigroups, groups (viewed as categories) (18B40) Connections of semigroups with homological algebra and category theory (20M50) Free semigroups, generators and relations, word problems (20M05) General structure theory for semigroups (20M10) Regular semigroups (20M17)

Abstract: In this paper we develop a new groupoid-based structure theory for the class of regular $\ast$-semigroups. This class occupies something of a `sweet spot' between the important classes of inverse and regular semigroups, and contains many important and natural examples. Some of the most significant families include the partition, Brauer and Temperley-Lieb monoids, among other diagram monoids. Our main result shows that the category of regular $\ast$-semigroups is isomorphic to the category of so-called `chained projection groupoids'. Such a groupoid is in fact a pair $(mathcalG,varepsilon)$, where: $$ $mathcalG$ is an ordered groupoid, whose object set $P$ is a projection algebra (in the sense of Imaoka and Jones), and $$ $varepsilon:mathscrComathcalG$ is a special functor, where $mathscrC$ is a certain natural `chain groupoid' constructed from $P$. Roughly speaking: the groupoid $mathcalG$ remembers only the `easy' products in a regular $\ast$-semigroup $S$; the projection algebra $P$ remembers only the `conjugation action' of the projections of $S$; and the functor $varepsilon$ tells us how $mathcalG$ and $P$ `fit together' in order to recover the entire structure of $S$. In this way, our main result contains the first completely general structure theorem for regular $\ast$-semigroups. Among other applications, we use our structure theorem to obtain new, and perhaps more transparent, constructions of fundamental regular $\ast$-semigroups. We also use the chain groupoids to demonstrate the existence of free (idempotent-generated) regular $\ast$-semigroups associated to arbitrary projection algebras. Specialising to inverse semigroups, we also obtain a new proof of the celebrated Ehresmann--Schein--Nambooripad Theorem. We consider several examples along the way, and pose a number of problems that we believe are worthy of further attention.

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