An entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin method for the two-layer shallow water equations on curvilinear meshes

DOI10.1007/S10915-024-02451-2MaRDI QIDQ6202019zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Patrick Ersing, Andrew R. Winters

Publication date 21 February 2024

Published in Journal of Scientific Computing (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.12699

zbMATH Keywords

discontinuous Galerkin spectral element methodentropy stabilitytwo-layer shallow water systemwell-balanced method

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Initial-boundary value problems for first-order hyperbolic systems (35L50) Navier-Stokes equations (35Q30) Numerical quadrature and cubature formulas (65D32) Multistep, Runge-Kutta and extrapolation methods for ordinary differential equations (65L06) Finite difference methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M06) Stability and convergence of numerical methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M12) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M60) Spectral, collocation and related methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M70) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N30) Spectral, collocation and related methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N35) Water waves, gravity waves; dispersion and scattering, nonlinear interaction (76B15) Spectral methods applied to problems in fluid mechanics (76M22) Liquid-liquid two component flows (76T06) Hydrology, hydrography, oceanography (86A05)

Abstract: We present an entropy stable nodal discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DGSEM) for the two-layer shallow water equations on two dimensional curvilinear meshes. We mimic the continuous entropy analysis on the semi-discrete level with the DGSEM constructed on Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto (LGL) nodes. The use of LGL nodes endows the collocated nodal DGSEM with the summation-by-parts property that is key in the discrete analysis. The approximation exploits an equivalent flux differencing formulation for the volume contributions, which generate an entropy conservative split-form of the governing equations. A specific combination of an entropy conservative numerical surface flux and discretization of the nonconservative terms is then applied to obtain a high-order path-conservative scheme that is entropy conservative and has the well-balanced property for discontinuous bathymetry. Dissipation is added at the interfaces to create an entropy stable approximation that satisfies the second law of thermodynamics in the discrete case. We conclude with verification of the theoretical findings through numerical tests and demonstrate results about convergence, entropy stability and well-balancedness of the scheme.

Review text

The document titled ``An entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin method for the two-layer shallow water equations on curvilinear meshes by Patrick Ersing and Andrew R. Winters, addresses the development of a numerical method to solve the two-layer shallow water equations, which are fundamental in modelling the dynamics of two immiscible fluid layers of varying densities under shallow water assumption. The authors propose an entropy stable nodal discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DGSEM) formulated on curvilinear meshes, leveraging the properties of Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto nodes for high-order, path-conservative, and entropy conservative approximations. The scientific problem tackled in the paper revolves around the computational challenges associated with the two-layer shallow water system, particularly the difficulties arising from nonconservative products that affect wave propagation, making the system only conditionally hyperbolic. The authors' method aims to ensure entropy stability, a well-balanced nature for discontinuous bathymetry, and the preservation of steady-state solutions, which are critical for accurate and stable numerical simulations of such fluid dynamics problems. Methodologically, the paper details the construction of the DGSEM, emphasizing the use of summation-by-parts property, flux differencing formulation, and specific combinations of numerical fluxes and discretization strategies for nonconservative terms to achieve entropy conservation and stability. This approach ensures the method's applicability to complex domain geometries and its robustness in handling discontinuities and maintaining the well-balanced property. The main findings of the study include the verification of theoretical properties through numerical tests, demonstrating convergence, entropy stability, and the well-balanced nature of the scheme. The research contributes significantly to the field of computational fluid dynamics by providing a robust and accurate method for simulating two-layer shallow water flows over curvilinear domains, with potential applications ranging from environmental to engineering problems involving fluid interfaces. This paper's significance lies in its advancement of numerical methods for fluid dynamics, offering a tool that combines high-order accuracy with the critical capability to respect the physical laws of entropy and mass conservation in challenging scenarios of fluid dynamics.

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Cited in

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• Entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin methods for balance laws in non-conservative form: applications to the Euler equations with gravity
• Conservation and stability in a discontinuous Galerkin method for the vector invariant spherical shallow water equations
• Fully well-balanced entropy controlled discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method for shallow water flows: global flux quadrature and cell entropy correction
• High-order accurate well-balanced energy stable finite difference schemes for multi-layer shallow water equations on fixed and adaptive moving meshes
• Entropy stable hydrostatic reconstruction schemes for shallow water systems
• Entropy analysis and entropy stable DG methods for the 1D shallow water moment equations

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