Global convergence of a predator-prey model with stage structure and spatio-temporal delay
The following prey-predator system with stage structure defined on \(t>0,x\in (0,\pi)\) is considered \[ \left\{\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}&=d\frac{\partial ^2u}{\partial x^2}+u(r-a_{11}u-a_{12}v_2),\\ \frac{\partial v_1}{\partial t}&=d_1\frac{\partial ^2v_1}{\partial x^2}+a_{21}\int_{-\infty}^t\int_0^{\pi}G(x,y,t-s)f(t-s)u(y,s)v_2(y,s)\,dy\,ds-r_1v_1-Dv_1,\\ \frac{\partial v_2}{\partial t}&=d_2\frac{\partial ^2v_2}{\partial x^2}+Dv_1-r_2v_2-a_{22}v_2^2,\end{aligned}\right.\tag{1} \] where \[ f(t)=\frac{1}{\tau}e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}},\quad G(x,y,t)=\frac{1}{\pi}+\frac{2}{\pi}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-dn^2t}\cos nx\cos ny, \] and \(u\), \(v_1\) and \(v_2\) denote the population of prey, immature and mature predator. Let \(v_3(x,t)=\int_{-\infty}^t\int_0^{\pi}G(x,y,t-s)f(t-s)u(y,s)v_2(y,s)\,dy\,ds\), then (1) is changed to a 4D system. Assuming the Neumann boundary condition and nonnegative initial value condition, the author discusses the stability of the feasible steady states by analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations. Furthermore, by upper-lower solutions method combining with iteration technique, it is shown the global convergence of the positive steady state and the semi-trivial steady state under some sufficient conditions. The numerical simulation reveals that there is a Hopf bifurcation although the theoretical proof is not given.
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