Pointwise ergodic theorem for locally countable quasi-pmp graphs

DOI10.3934/JMD.2022019arXiv1805.02607MaRDI QIDQ6301280FDOQ6301280

Publication date: 7 May 2018

Abstract: We prove a pointwise ergodic theorem for quasi-probability-measure-preserving (quasi-pmp) locally countable measurable graphs, equivalently, Schreier graphs of quasi-pmp actions of countable groups. For ergodic graphs, the theorem gives an increasing sequence of Borel subgraphs with finite connected components over which the averages of any

L^{1}

function converges to its expectation. This implies that every (not necessarily pmp) locally countable ergodic Borel graph on a standard probability space contains an ergodic hyperfinite subgraph. A consequence of this is that every ergodic treeable equivalence relation has an ergodic hyperfinite free factor. The pmp case of the main theorem was first proven by R. Tucker-Drob using a deep result from probability theory. Our proof is different: it is self-contained and applies more generally to quasi-pmp graphs. Among other things, it involves introducing a graph invariant concerning asymptotic averages of functions and a method of tiling a large part of the space with finite sets with prescribed properties. The non-pmp setting additionally exploits a new quasi-order called visibility to analyze the interplay between the Radon--Nikodym cocycle and the graph structure, providing a sufficient condition for hyperfiniteness.

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Infinite graphs (05C63) Algebraic ergodic theory, cocycles, orbit equivalence, ergodic equivalence relations (37A20) Ergodic theorems, spectral theory, Markov operators (37A30) Dynamical systems and the theory of (C^*)-algebras (37A55) Dynamical systems involving maps of trees and graphs (37E25) Random dynamical systems aspects of multiplicative ergodic theory, Lyapunov exponents (37H15) Descriptive set theory (03E15)

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