Hermite--Pad\'{e} approximations with Pfaffian structures: Novikov peakon equation and integrable lattices

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2022.108338arXiv2112.12601WikidataQ114211528 ScholiaQ114211528MaRDI QIDQ6386552FDOQ6386552

Publication date: 23 December 2021

Abstract: Motivated by the Novikov equation and its peakon problem, we propose a new mixed type Hermite--Pad'{e} approximation whose unique solution is a sequence of polynomials constructed with the help of Pfaffians. These polynomials belong to the family of recently proposed partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials. The relevance of partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials is especially visible in the approximation problem germane to the Novikov peakon problem so that we obtain explicit inverse formulae in terms of Pfaffians by reformulating the inverse spectral problem for the Novikov multipeakons. Furthermore, we investigate two Hermite--Pad'{e} approximations for the related spectral problem of the discrete dual cubic string, and show that these approximation problems can also be solved in terms of partial-skew-orthogonal polynomials and nonsymmetric Cauchy biorthogonal polynomials. This formulation results in a new correspondence among several integrable lattices.

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Approximation in the complex plane (30E10) Lattice dynamics; integrable lattice equations (37K60) Padé approximation (41A21) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

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