Supercongruences involving Motzkin numbers and central trinomial coefficients

Publication date 22 August 2022

Combinatorial identities, bijective combinatorics (05A19) Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Binomial coefficients; factorials; (q)-identities (11B65)

Abstract: Let

M_{n}

and

T_{n}

denote the

n

th Motzkin number and the

n

th central trinomial coefficient respectively. We prove that for any prime

p g e 5

, �egin{align*} &sum_{k=0}^{p-1}M_k^2equiv left(frac{p}{3} ight)left(2-6p ight)pmod{p^2},\ &sum_{k=0}^{p-1}kM_k^2equiv left(frac{p}{3} ight)left(9p-1 ight)pmod{p^2},\ &sum_{k=0}^{p-1}T_kM_kequiv frac{4}{3}left(frac{p}{3} ight)+frac{p}{6}left(1-9left(frac{p}{3} ight) ight)pmod{p^2}, end{align*} where

l e f t (- i g h t)

is the Legendre symbol. These results confirm three 12-year-old supercongruence conjectures of Z.-W. Sun.

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