Splitting of separatrices for rapid degenerate perturbations of the classical pendulum

arXiv2302.07705MaRDI QIDQ6426565FDOQ6426565

Authors: Inmaculada Baldomá, Tere M. Seara, Román Moreno 

Publication date: 15 February 2023

Abstract: In this work we study the splitting distance of a rapidly perturbed pendulum $H(x,y,t)=frac12y^2+(cos(x)-1)+mu(cos(x)-1)gleft(fractvarepsilonight)$ with $g(au)=su{m}_{|k|>1}{g}^{[k]}{e}^{ikau}$ a $2pi$-periodic function and $mu,varepsilonll1$. Systems of this kind undergo exponentially small splitting and, when $mull1$, it is known that the Melnikov function actually gives an asymptotic expression for the splitting function provided $g^{[pm1]}eq0$. Our study focuses on the case $g^{[pm1]}=0$ and it is motivated by two main reasons. On the one hand the general understanding of the splitting, as current results fail for a perturbation as simple as $g(au)=cos(5au)+cos(4au)+cos(3au)$. On the other hand, a study of the splitting of invariant manifolds of tori of rational frequency $p/q$ in Arnold's original model for diffusion leads to the consideration of pendulum-like Hamiltonians with $g(au)=sinleft(pcdotfractvarepsilonight)+cosleft(qcdotfractvarepsilonight),$ where, for most $p,qinmathbbZ$ the perturbation satisfies $g^{[pm1]}eq0$. As expected, the Melnikov function is not a correct approximation for the splitting in this case. To tackle the problem we use a splitting formula based on the solutions of the so-called inner equation and make use of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism. The leading exponentially small term appears at order $m{u}^n$, where $n$ is an integer determined exclusively by the harmonics of the perturbation. We also provide an algorithm to compute it.

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