The intransitive dice kernel: \frac{\mathbf{1}_{x\ge y}-\mathbf{1}_{x\le y}}{4} - \frac{3(x-y)(1+xy)}{8}

arXiv2302.11293MaRDI QIDQ6427264FDOQ6427264

Ashwin Sah, Mehtaab Sawhney

Publication date: 22 February 2023

Abstract: Answering a pair of questions of Conrey, Gabbard, Grant, Liu, and Morrison, we prove that a triplet of dice drawn from the multiset model are intransitive with probability $1/4+o(1)$ and the probability a random pair of dice tie tends toward $alpha{n}^{-1}$ for an explicitly defined constant $alpha$. This extends and sharpens the recent results of Polymath regarding the balanced sequence model. We further show the distribution of larger tournaments converges to a universal tournamenton in both models. This limit naturally arises from the discrete spectrum of a certain skew-symmetric operator (given by the kernel in the title acting on $L^2([-1,1])$). The limit exhibits a degree of symmetry and can be used to prove that, for instance, the limiting probability that $A_i$ beats $A_{i+1}$ for $1leile4$ and that $A_5$ beats $A_1$ is $1/32+o(1)$. Furthermore, the limiting tournamenton has range contained in the discrete set $0,1$. This proves that the associated tournamenton is non-quasirandom in a dramatic fashion, vastly extending work of Cornacchia and Hk{a}z{l}a regarding the continuous analogue of the balanced sequence model. The proof is based on a reduction to conditional central limit theorems (related to work of Polymath), the use of a "Poissonization" style method to reduce to computations with independent random variables, and the systematic use of switching-based arguments to extract cancellation in Fourier estimates when establishing local limit-type estimates.

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