Riemannian Penrose inequality without horizon in dimension three

Abstract: Based on the

m u

-bubble method we are able to prove the following version of Riemannian Penrose inequality without horizon: if

g

is a complete metric on

m a t h b b R^{3} s e t m i n u s O

with nonnegative scalar curvature, which is asymptotically flat around the infinity of

m a t h b b R^{3}

, then the ADM mass

m

at the infinity of

m a t h b b R^{3}

satisfies

m g e q s q r t f r a c A_{g} 16 p i

, where

A_{g}

is denoted to be the area infimum of embedded closed surfaces homologous to

m a t h b b S^{2} (1)

in

m a t h b b R^{3} s e t m i n u s O

. Moreover, the equality holds if and only if there is a strictly outer-minimizing minimal

2

-sphere such that the region outside is isometric to the half Schwarzschild manifold with mass

s q r t f r a c A_{g} 16 p i

.

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