Determination of normalized extremal quasimodular forms of depth 1 with integral Fourier coefficients

DOI10.1142/S1793042124500337MaRDI QIDQ6438432zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Tomoaki Nakaya

Publication date 29 May 2023

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Classical hypergeometric functions, ({}_2F_1) (33C05) Holomorphic modular forms of integral weight (11F11) Hecke-Petersson operators, differential operators (one variable) (11F25) Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms (11F30) Linear ordinary differential equations and systems in the complex domain (34M03)

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to determine all normalized extremal quasimodular forms of depth 1 whose Fourier coefficients are integers. By changing the local parameter at infinity from $q=e^{2piiau}$ to the reciprocal of the elliptic modular $j$-function, we prove that all normalized extremal quasimodular forms of depth 1 have a hypergeometric series expression and that integrality is not affected by this change of parameters. Furthermore, by transforming these hypergeometric series expressions into a certain manageable form related to the Atkin(-like) polynomials and using the lemmas that appeared in the study of $p$-adic hypergeometric series by Dwork and Zudilin, the integrality problem can be reduced to the fact that a polynomial vanishes modulo a prime power, which we prove. We also prove that all extremal quasimodular forms of depth 1 with appropriate weight-dependent leading coefficients have integral Fourier coefficients by focusing on the hypergeometric expression of them.

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