Banach space formalism of quantum mechanics

arXiv2306.05630MaRDI QIDQ6439734FDOQ6439734

Authors: Zeqian Chen 

Publication date: 8 June 2023

Abstract: This paper presents a generalization of quantum mechanics from conventional Hilbert space formalism to Banach space one. We construct quantum theory starting with any complex Banach space beyond a complex Hilbert space, through using a basic fact that a complex Banach space always admits a semi-inner product. Precisely, in a complex Banach space $mathbbX$ with a given semi-inner product, a pure state is defined by Lumer cite{Lumer1961} to be a bounded linear functional on the space of bounded operators determined by a normalized element of $mathbbX$ under the semi-inner product, and then the state space $mathcalS(mathbbX)$ of the system is the weakly closed convex set spanned by all pure states. Based on Lumer's notion of the state, we associate a quantum system with a complex Banach space $mathbbX$ equipped with a fixed semi-inner product, and then define a physical event at a quantum state $omegainmathcalS(mathbbX)$ to be a projection $P$ (bounded operator such that $P^2=P$) in $mathbbX$ satisfying the positivity condition $0leomega(P)le1,$ and a physical quantity at a quantum state $omega$ to be a spectral operator of scalar type with real spectrum so that the associated spectral projections are all physical events at $omega.$ The Born formula for measurement of a physical quantity is the natural pairing of operators with linear functionals satisfying the probability conservation law. A time evolution of the system is governed by a one-parameter group of invertible spectral operators determined by a scalar type operator with the real spectrum, which satisfies the Schr"{o}dinger equation. Our formulation is just a generalization of the Dirac-von Neumann formalism of quantum mechanics to the Banach space setting. We include some examples for illustration.

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