On the gain of entrainment in a class of weakly contractive bilinear control systems with applications to the master equation and the ribosome flow model

arXiv2307.03568MaRDI QIDQ6442959FDOQ6442959

Authors: Rami Katz, Thomas Kriecherbauer, Lars Grüne, Michael Margaliot 

Publication date: 7 July 2023

Abstract: We consider a class of bilinear weakly contractive systems that entrain to periodic excitations. Entrainment is important in many natural and artificial processes. For example, in order to function properly synchronous generators must entrain to the frequency of the electrical grid, and biological organisms must entrain to the 24h solar day. A dynamical system has a positive gain of entrainment (GOE) if entrainment also yields a larger output, on average. This property is important in many applications from the periodic operation of bioreactors to the periodic production of proteins during the cell cycle division process. We derive a closed-form formula for the GOE to first-order in the control perturbation. This is used to show that in the class of systems that we consider the GOE is always a higher-order phenomenon. We demonstrate the theoretical results using two applications: the master equation and a model from systems biology called the ribosome flow model, both with time-varying and periodic transition rates.

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