Noncommutative plurisubharmonic polynomials. I: Global assumptions

DOI10.1016/J.JFA.2011.08.006MaRDI QIDQ647620zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jeremy M. Greene, J. William Helton, Victor Vinnikov

Publication date 24 November 2011

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.0107

noncommutative analytic function noncommutative analytic map noncommutative plurisubharmonic polynomial

Several-variable operator theory (spectral, Fredholm, etc.) (47A13) Functions whose values are linear operators (operator- and matrix-valued functions, etc., including analytic and meromorphic ones) (47A56)

Abstract: We consider symmetric polynomials, p, in the noncommutative free variables (x_1, x_2, ..., x_g). We define the noncommutative complex hessian of p and we call a noncommutative symmetric polynomial noncommutative plurisubharmonic if it has a noncommutative complex hessian that is positive semidefinite when evaluated on all tuples of n x n matrices for every size n. In this paper, we show that the symmetric noncommutative plurisubharmonic polynomials are precisely the noncommutative convex polynomials with a noncommutative analytic change of variables; i.e., a noncommutative symmetric polynomial, p, is noncommutative plurisubharmonic if and only if it has the form p = sum f_j^T f_j + sum k_j k_j^T + F + F^T where the sums are finite and f_j, k_j, F are all noncommutative analytic. We also present a theory of noncommutative integration for noncommutative polynomials and we prove a noncommutative version of the Frobenius theorem. A subsequent paper by Greene proves that if the noncommutative complex hessian of p takes positive semidefinite values on a "noncommutative open set" then the noncommutative complex hessian takes positive semidefinite values on all matrix tuples. Thus, p has the form above. The proof in the subsequent paper draws on most of the theorems in this paper together with a very different technique involving representations of noncommutative quadratic functions.

Review text

Let \({\mathbb R}\langle x,x^T\rangle\) be the ring of noncommutative polynomials over \(\mathbb R\) in the noncommuting variables \(x_1,\dots,x_g,x_1^T,\dots,x_g^T\). Elements of this ring shall be called nc polynomials. The variables \(x_j^T\) are formal transposes of the variables \(x_j\). An nc polynomial is said to be nc analytic if it contains only the variables \(x_j\) and none of the transposed variables \(x_j^T\). An nc polynomial \(p\) is called symmetric if \(p^T=p\). If \(p\) is an nc polynomial and \(X=(X_1,\dots,X_g)\in\left({\mathbb R}^{n\times n}\right)^g\), then the evaluation \(p(X,X^T)\) is defined by replacing \(x_j\) by \(X_j\) and \(x_j^T\) by \(X_j^T\). An nc symmetric polynomial \(p\) is called matrix positive if \(p(X,X^T)\) is a positive semidefinite matrix when evaluated on every \(X\in\left({\mathbb R}^{n\times n}\right)^g\) for all \(n\geqslant 1\). The nc complex Hessian, \(q(x,x^T)[h,h^T]\), of an nc polynomial \(p\) is the nc polynomial in the \(4g\) variables \(x=(x_1,\dots,x_g)\), \(x^T=(x_1^T,\dots,x_g^T)\), \(h=(h_1,\dots,h_g)\), and \(h^T=(h_1^T,\dots,h_g^T)\) defined by \[ q(x,x^T)[h,h^T]={\partial^2p\over\partial s\partial t}(x+th,y+sk)\bigg|_{t,s=0}\bigg|_{y=x^T,\;k=h^T}. \] A symmetric nc polynomial \(p\) is called nc plurisubharmonic if its nc complex Hessian \(q\) is matrix positive. The main result of the paper is the following: {Theorem.} An nc symmetric polynomial \(p\) in free variables is nc plurisubharmonic if and only if it can be written in the form \[ p=\sum f_j^Tf_j+\sum k_jk_j^T+F+F^T, \] where the sums are finite and each \(f_j\), \(k_j\), and \(F\) is nc analytic. As a byproduct of the proof of this result, a theory of noncommutative integration of nc polynomials and a noncommutative Frobenius type theorem are obtained.

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