Sandpile group of infinite graphs

arXiv2305.05346MaRDI QIDQ6510021FDOQ6510021

Abstract: For a finite connected graph

G

and a non-empty subset

S

of its vertices thought of sinks, the so-called critical group (or sandpile group)

C (G, S)

has been studied in different contexts. Several attempts were made to extend the definition of sandpile group to infinite graphs. In this article, we present a class of graphs where such an extension can be made in a quite a direct way. Namely, consider a

C

-net

S s u b s e t m a t h b b Z^{2}

. We define a sandpile dynamics on

m a t h b b Z^{2}

with the set

S

of sinks. For such a choice of sinks a relaxation of any bounded state is well defined, this allows us to define a group

C (m a t h b b Z^{2}, S)

of recurrent states of this model. We show that this group is isomorphic to a group of

S^{1}

-valued harmonic functions on

m a t h b b Z^{2} s e t m i n u s S

. Examples of

S

, such that

C (m a t h b b Z^{2}, S)

has no torsion or has all possible torsions, are provided.

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