Discrete-velocity-direction models of BGK-type with minimum entropy. II: Weighted models

Boltzmann equations (35Q20) PDEs in connection with classical thermodynamics and heat transfer (35Q79) Numerical integration (65D30) Multistep, Runge-Kutta and extrapolation methods for ordinary differential equations (65L06) Numerical solution of discretized equations for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M22) Spectral, collocation and related methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M70) Spectral, collocation and related methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N35) Rarefied gas flows, Boltzmann equation in fluid mechanics (76P05) Kinetic theory of gases in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C40)

Review text

The Bathnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) model is an approximation of the Boltzmann equation, describing the time evolution of a single monoatomic rarefied gas and satisfying the properties: conservation and entropy inequality. The BGK equation for the density function \(f=f(t,x,\xi ,\zeta )\) has the form \(\partial_tf+\xi\cdot \nabla_xf=\tau^{-1} (\mathcal{E}[f]-f)\), where \((x,\xi )\in \mathbb{R}^D\times \mathbb{R}^D\) with \(D=2\) or 3, \(\zeta\in \mathbb{R}^L\) represents the possible internal molecular degrees of freedom, and \(\tau \) is a characteristic collision time. Here, \(\mathcal{E}[f]\) is the local equilibrium state. In the present paper the authors consider a discrete-velocity-direction model (DVDM) with collisions of BGK-type for simulating gas flows, where the molecular motion is confined to some prescribed directions but the speed is still a continuous variable in each direction. The BGK-DVDM is improved in two aspects. First, the internal molecular degrees of freedom is included so that more realistic fluid properties can be realized. The authors introduce a weighted function in each orientation when recovering the macroscopic parameters, as opposed to the previous treatment. For the new weighted DVDM, the established properties of the well-behaved discrete equilibrium still hold. The DVDM is considered under requirement that the molecule transport is limited to \(N\) prescribed directions \(\{\boldsymbol{l}_m\}_{m=1}^{N}\) with each \(\boldsymbol{l}_m\) located on the unit sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{D-1}\), but the velocity magnitude \(\xi\in \mathbb{R}\) in each direction remains continuous. There is a pair of requirements: 1) \((\boldsymbol{l}_1,\dots, \boldsymbol{l}_N)\in \mathbb{R}^{D\times N}\) is of rank \(D\) and therefore \(N\geq D\); 2) Each direction \(\boldsymbol{l}_m\) and its opposite \(-\boldsymbol{l}_m\) belong to \(S_m\subset\mathbb{S}^{D-1}\), where the quantities \(S_m\) constitute a disjoint partition of the unit sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{D-1}= \bigcup_{m=1}^{N}S_m\). Each \(S_m\) has the same measure. Note that the distribution \(f\) is replaced by \(N\) distributions \(\{f_m(t,x,\xi ,\zeta )\}_{m=1}^{N}\) with \(\xi\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\zeta\in\mathbb{R}^L\). The transport velocity for \(f_m\) is \(\xi\boldsymbol{l}_m\), and the governing equation for \(f_m\) becomes \(\partial_tf_m+\xi\boldsymbol{l}_m\cdot \nabla_xf_m = \tau^{-1} (\mathcal{E}_m-f_m)\) \((m=1,\dots,N)\) with the local equilibriums \(\mathcal{E}_m\). The authors introduce a weighted function in each orientation when recovering the macroscopic parameters. With the weighted DVDM, the authors consider three submodels by incorporating the discrete velocity method, the Gaussian-extended quadrature method of moments and the Hermite spectral method in each direction. It seems the stated spatial-time submodels are multidimensional versions corresponding to the three approaches. Some numerical tests with a series of 1-D and 2-D flow problems show the efficiency of the weighted DVDM.\N\NFor Part I see [ibid. 95, No. 3, Paper No. 80, 29 p. (2023; Zbl 1515.65235)].

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