The Hodge-Poincaré polynomial of the moduli spaces of stable vector bundles over an algebraic curve
Let \(X\) be a smooth projective variety over \(\mathbb{C}\), and let \(G\) be a reductive group acting on \(X\). Let \(X^{ss}\) and \(X_{(0)}^{s}\) denote the locus of semistable and properly stable points for the action of \(G\), and let \(X/\!/G\) be the corresponding GIT quotient. If \(X^{ss}\neq X_{(0)}^s\neq\emptyset\), then the quotient \(X/\!/G\) is in general singular. In this paper, the author studies the cohomology of \(X_{(0)}^s/G\), by establishing formulae for its Hodge-Poincaré series. Since \(X_{(0)}^s/G\) is not projective, the author must consider the theory of mixed Hodge structures, or the Hodge-Deligne theory, introduced by \textit{P. Deligne} in [``Théorie de Hodge. I, Actes Congr. Internat. Math. 1970, 1, 425--430 (1970; Zbl 0219.14006); ``Théorie de Hodge. II, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 40, 5--58 (1971; Zbl 0219.14007); ``Théorie de Hodge. III, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 44, 5--77 (1974; Zbl 0237.14003)], and which can be defined in any complex algebraic variety, not necessarily smooth, compact or irreducible, and which reduces to the usual Hodge theory when the variety is smooth and projective. The author also uses some results of \textit{F. Kirwan} in [Cohomology of quotients in symplectic and algebraic geometry, Mathematical Notes, 31. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (1984; Zbl 0553.14020)], where the case \(X^{ss}=X_{(0)}^s\) is studied. Indeed, in [Zbl 0553.14020], the Poincaré polynomial of \(X/\!/G\) was computed using the natural identification between the cohomology of \(X/\!/G\) with rational coefficients and the equivariant cohomology of \(X^{ss}\) with rational coefficients. This computation used the fact there there is a stratification \(\{ \mathcal{S}_{\beta}:\beta \in \mathcal{B}\}\) of \(X\) by nonsingular \(G\)-invariant locally closed subvarieties \(\mathcal{S}_{\beta}\) satisfying the following properties: 1) \(X^{ss}\) coincides with the unique open stratum \(\mathcal{S}_0\). 2) The equivariant Morse inequalities are equalities, that is \[ P^G_t(X)=P^G_t(X^{ss})+\sum_{\beta \neq 0}t^{2\text{codim} \mathcal{S}_{\beta}}P^{G}_t(S_{\beta}). \] If \(H_G^{\ast}(Y)\) denotes the \(G\)-equivariant cohomology ring of \(Y\), then \(P_t^G(Y)=\sum_{i}t^i \dim H_G^i(Y)\) is the equivariant Poincaré series of \(Y\). 3) If \(\beta \neq 0\) there is a proper nonsingular subvariety \(Z_{\beta}\) of \(X\) invariant under the action of a reductive subgroup Stab\(\beta\) of \(G\) such that \[ H^{\ast}_G (\mathcal{S}_{\beta})\cong H^{\ast}_{\mathrm{Stab} \beta} (Z_{\beta}^{ss}), \] where \(Z_{\beta}^{ss}\) is the semistable stratum of \(Z_{\beta}\) under the action of \(\mathrm{Stab} \beta\) appropriately linearized. When \(X^{ss}\neq X_{(0)}^{s}\neq \emptyset\) then \textit{F. Kirwan} [``Partial desingularisations of quotients of nonsingular varieties and their Betti numbers, Ann. Math. (2), 122, 41--85 (1985; Zbl 0592.14011)] obtained a way of blowing up the variety \(X\) along a sequence of nonsingular subvarieties to obtain a variety \(\widetilde{X}\) with a linear action of \(G\) such that \(\widetilde{X}^{ss}=\widetilde{X}_{(0)}^s\). Then, \(\widetilde{X}/\!/G\) can be regarded as a partial resolution of singularities of \({X}/\!/G\) since the ``most serious singularities of \({X}/\!/G\) have been resolved. This may be used to compute the Betti numbers of \(\widetilde{X}/\!/G\) in terms of those of \({X}/\!/G\) and the dimensions of the rational intersection homology groups of \({X}/\!/G\) in terms of Betti number of the partial desingularisations \(\widetilde{X}/\!/G\). From this resolution of singularities, in [\textit{F. Kirwan}, ``Refinements of the Morse stratification of the normsquare of the moment map, Prog. Math. 232, 327--362 (2005; Zbl 1073.32015)], the stratification \(\{ \mathcal{S}_{\beta}:\beta \in \mathcal{B}\}\) is refined to obtain a stratification of the set \(X^{ss}\) of semistable points, so that the set \(X_{(0)}^s\) of properly stable points is an open stratum. The author uses then this refined stratification, together with the results of the Hodge-Deligne theory in order to obtain the formulae for the Hodge-Poincaré series of the quotient \(X_{(0)}^s/G\). Now, let \(\mathcal{M}(n,d)\) denote the moduli space of semistable vector bundles of rank \(n\) and degree \(d\) over a smooth projective complex curve. Let \(\mathcal{M}_{(0)}^s(n,d)\) denote the stable locus. Assume that \((n,d)\neq 1\). If we represent \(\mathcal{M}_{(0)}^s(n,d)\) as a GIT quotient \(X/\!/G\), the condition \((n,d)\neq 1\) implies that \(X^{ss}\neq X_{(0)}^{s}\neq \emptyset\), this being the general situation analysed in the first part of the paper. So, the author applies his results to obtain corresponding formulae for the Hodge-Poincaré series of the moduli space of stable vector bundles when the rank and the degree are not coprime. In particular, it is obtained the following explicit formula for the Hodge-Poincaré polynomial of the moduli space of (properly) stable vector bundles when the rank is 2 and the degree \(d\) is even: \[ \begin{multlined} HP(\mathcal{M}^s_{(0)}(2,d))(u,v)=\frac{1}{2(1-uv)(1-u^2v^2)}\bigg{[}2(1+u)^g(1+v)^g (1+u^2v)^g(1+uv^2)^g\\ -(uv)^{g-1}(1+u)^{2g}(1+v)^{2g}(2-(uv)^{g-1}+(uv)^{g+1})-(uv)^{2g-2}(1-u^2)^g(1-v^2)^g(1-uv)^2\bigg{]}.\end{multlined} \]
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