Generic bifurcations of framed curves in a space form and their envelopes

Abstract: The generic singularities and bifurcations are classified for one-parameter families of curves with frames in a space form, the Euclidean space, the elliptic space or the hyperbolic space via projective geometry. Two kinds of frames are considered, adapted frames and osculating frames, in terms of certain differential systems on flag manifolds.

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The paper deals with bifurcation for 1-parameter families of curves with frames in the space forms \(E^{n+1}\), \(S^{n+1}\), \(H^{n+1}\). The main result proved there is the following: { Theorem 1.1.} Let \(\gamma_{\lambda}\) be a generic 1-parameter family of framed curves in \(E^{3}\), \(S^{3}\) or \(H^{3}\). Then the local singularity in the associated envelope \(E(\gamma_{\lambda})\) is given by one of following 5 classes: (I) the cuspidal edge, (II) the swallowtail, (III) the cuspidal beaks, (IV) the cuspidal butterfly and (V) the full-folded-umbrella. Basically, the proof of Theorem 1.1 comes from the classification obtained in the paper [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 25, No. 6, 603--610 (1993; Zbl 0801.58006)] by \textit{G. Ishikawa}.

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